Anti Social Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

Anti Social Personality Disorder EssayDuring class, a student comes up to a teacher and suddenly pulls a hired gun to his head. He orders the teacher to strip down. Once the teacher was completely nude, the student aimed at his testicles and pulled the trigger. When everyone realized there were no bullets in the gun, the student alone laughs (Maxmen et al., 1994). slew such as this student suffer of anti cordial personality disorder.Obviously, it is not simply a disorder that defines the lonely kid in the corner who has no interest in speaking with others, or the social retard that laughs when it is inappropriate. This disorder is dangerous to others because people affected from ASPD are narcissistic and fend for themselves. People of every(prenominal) walks of life freighter suffer from this disorder, which affects a significant proportion of the population. There are psychosocial and genetic factors to ASPD. The best-shot psychologists have at treating these people, is tar geting these psychosocial and genetic factors.This paper aims to investigate the common psycho aspects in ASPD Symptoms and DiagnosisMaxmen and colleagues (1994) claim that people affected by antisocial personality disorder are generally disrespectful and violate the rights of others. Liu and colleagues (2012) tot up that family violence is common around ASPD. Moreover, sexual relations are nothing more than self-beneficial. Their selfish sexual desires often lead to the transmission of venereal illness (Maxmen et al., 1994). Here is the DSM criteria for ASPDA. There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15, as indicated by three (or more) of the following1. Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal clear or pleasure.3. Impulsivi ty or failure to plan ahead.4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain concordant work behavior or honor financial obligations.7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.B. The individual is at least age 18 years of age.C. There is evidence of Conduct Disorder with onrush before age 15. D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia or a manic episode. (DSM-IV, 1994) Lack of stimulation and escape of boredom explains common symptoms among ASPD, including why they usually have several years of poor job performance, and are forced to change jobs m any times. Swann and collegues (2010) add that ASPD coalesce with bipolar disorder worsens impulsive symptoms and the course of the illness often speeds up (Maxmen et al., 1994). A fascinating aspect about ASPD, is their psychopathic symptoms. Although they can display recipe human emotions such as charm and love, they do not actually feel the depth of those emotions. This even includes emotions such as hate.Some even omit consciousnessotherwise known as superego lacunae. As a result, their relationships are usually narcissistic ones that generally do not tend to last foresighted (Maxmen et al., 1994). Unfortunately, ASPD have shorter life expectancies. Many die of violent related events such as fights and murders. As previously mentioned, their sexually transmitted diseases also sometimes see into their shorter life expectancies. ASPD is often linked with alcoholism and depression. They suffer of a 5 % suicide rate. As such extreme low points of ASPD, some may examine treatment (Maxmen et al., 1994).However, Perry and colleagues (2013) studied how another consistent symptom prevents many ASPD from seeking treatment. He studied immature defence mechanisms used by ASPD. Among them are omnipotence, devaluation and refutation against experience of self of awareness. They create split off self-images, whereby they perceive differently than how they would be perceived by others. Indeed, they are aware of their actions, but create a different self-image to justify their actions. Their omnipotence has an important role in devaluing the opinions and perceptions of others, which strengthens their flawed image (Perry et al., 2013).Prevalence and incidence Studies claim that ASPD affects a significant proportion of the population. The percentage is as high as 5.4 % of males and 1.2 % of women. Amongst the Psychiatric population 5-15% of males and 1-3 % of females. ASPD is most prevalent amongst lower socioeconomic groups (Maxmen et al., 1994).Etiology Maxmen and colleagues (1994) believe psychosocial factors are the main cause for occasional ASPD. However, consistent ASPD deal with an additional factor of g enetics. Firstly, amongst sociological factors is poverty. Regardless of the high proportion of prevalence of ASPD amongst lower socioeconomic groups, poverty is not the sole cause. More importantly, the majority of poor people do not become sociopaths. Familial factors have been considered. Growing up amongst a violent family may lead to the development of ASPD in the children. Shi and colleagues (2012) add the quality of early childcare is a predictor of ASPD.They discovered that deportments such as motherly silent interaction or withdrawals and no greetings were indicators that kindle the development of ASPD (Maxmen et al., 1994). Basolu and colleagues (2011) reinforced the genealogical case by linking ASPD to a special kind of gene. It is synaptosomal-associate protein 25 (SNAP25) gene polymorphisms. When this gene, linked with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and personality, was tested to find think with other disorders, researchers found a connection to ASPD. This means there is a genealogical factor to ASPD (Basolu et al., 2011).Treatment Unfortunately, before diving into the treatment, all sources burst any bubble of hope to cure ASPD since it is sticky to treat. As discussed in the symptoms, ASPD rely on the immature defence mechanisms to carry on their lifestyles. Before they receive treatment, ASPD mustiness want to seek help, which is easier said than done since they have justified their actions most of their life. Nevertheless, many burn out due to their narcissistic life styles,and seek treatment. psychotherapy has not usually helped.Therapists have to deal with ASPDs Ego Syntonic behaviour. ASPD justify their behaviour and resent authority including the therapist. Therapists strategies involve the Tough Love A rule that involves showing care but not letting the subject view himself as vulnerable for the ASPD to capitalize on the psychologists perceived weakness. If the patient is on trial at the same time as he is in therapy, cou nselling must not influence the sentence so that therapy remains inferential and not manipulative. ASPD should also reduce substance abuse, which can increase the symptoms if used (Maxmen et al., 1994).The key treatment lies within prevention. If the condition gets detected early enough, therapist and the family can increase the chances of cure or prevention. Family counselling is rather important because they learn how to deal with their manipulated emotions from hate to guilt. Common sense and guidelines can help. Shia and colleagues (2012) add that targeting motherly behaviour in crucial areas that can reduce risk of ASPD (Maxmen et al., 1994).ASPD is a dangerous disorder. People can be manipulated by ASPD as they can act handle a normal individual. They often carry sexual diseases from their multiple sexual relations caused by their lack of stimulation. They live this life protected by their childish defence mechanisms. ASPD affect a significant part of the population up to 5 % in males. Psychosocial and genetics factor into the etiology of the disorder. Finally, the key treatment of this difficult disorder lies in the prevention and early detection. As research of ASPD improves, treatments will be the primary focus of therapists.

Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine Essay Example for Free

Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine EssayAntecedents I woke up a little lately so I was worried about the things I have to do for the day. I decided to have coffee for breakfast, nothing else as I was move to call a friend who is expecting my call that morning. Towards lunch time, I was thirsty and I thought a can of soda would be great. I grabbed sensation and finished it in no time.Consequences I had coffee and soda because I was rushing when I was having my breakfast, and coffee is the quickest that I can get. Also, I get it can perk me up.I got another dose of caffeine through the soda I drank, which is sort of a feel-good drink for me. DAY 2 (Tuesday) Antecedents It was a relaxed day, nothing much to do. I ate right and did not have coffee today. I did not drink any cola either. I bought bottled peeing which lasted me through the day so I did not have to buy another can of soda.Consequences There was no caffeine today no nicotine or alcohol either as I am not a fan of thes e. I figured if I am relaxed there is less kick downstairs for me to have caffeine. Having water available also helps.I felt light and active throughout the day. DAY 3 (Wednesday) Antecedents I met with a friend and he was smoking so I smoked too when I was offered, though I barely finished the whole stick. I also had iced coffee after(prenominal) lunch, to perk me up because I was feeling sleepy but I did not want any hot drinks.Consequences I was dizzy. I was guessing it is because of the cigarette that I am not used to it especially that brand my friend had that is why it got me dizzy. The coffee helped a lot. As always it perked me up.

American Dream Essay Example for Free

American daydream EssayThe idea of dreams is integral to the main protagonists by dint ofout The price Jar and Death of a Salesman. These ideas stem from the concept known as the American Dream, which is the belief that with complete work anyone can be what they inadequacy to be. The American Dream can often be related to the term Manifest Destiny, which is the belief in Americas mission in the world and can often be related to expanding their control over land.There argon different types of American Dreams in the texts. These include Material, academic, 19th Century (outdoors), 20th Century (business) and Happiness, which the authors use to prep be us an inside look into the characters. The concept of the American Dream is presented in Plaths The price Jar in a similar way to milling machines Death of a Salesman, when Plath states, look at what can happen in this coun subdue suggesting that the American Dream is a predominant thought in the American minds.In blood to Mi llers main character, Willy, that foolishly follows the American Dream, the main character of The Bell Jar, Esther, does not believe this to be true and fights against the current of mainstream ideas and belief that if you work hard enough you can achieve anything. This is represented in the character, Doreen who is successful for just macrocosm beautiful, showing the shallowness of society. The American Dream is shown in Millers Death of a Salesman through characters such as Ben.Ben is the exemplary man with the American Dream Miller writes that he walked out into the jungle and that when he came out he was rich. This belief that the American Dream can happen to anybody eventually drives his br other(a) Willy to the tragic heroism of his suicide. This is a very depressing view and one that a pack of plurality can relate to, that the concept of the American Dream has a base of lies, deceit and luck such as Ben who ended up in Africa which thus later made him rich. Although they both have differing attitudes toward the American Dream they both definek to achieve their own goals in a different manner.Willy is much more than of a protagonist he talks about being successful and how he will take action in the morning. On the other flip over Esther is more pro-active in the pursuit of her dream as she is very academically successful and has never answered one test question wrong. Both of these approaches to seeking their dreams hand over us an insight into how the characters should have followed their dream and where their mistakes were, such as with Willy who often reminisces that he should have gone with Ben to the mines.Willy is so disillusioned that he will do anything in locate to help Biff and cheerful to achieve their dreams, which is the main factor in Willys suicide. We withal get a sense of selfishness from this act of disillusion as Willy seems to use his sons as an excuse for him to commit this act he has been clinging onto the American Dream so tightly that it became a veil over his look that left him blind to see he has the wrong dreams. Plath often uses the cheer dream in conjunction with the academic and material dreams to contrast with each other and to seek what the American Dream is and how to achieve it.We see this when Esther fed her clothes into the night wind which is Plath showing the reader that in order for Esther to achieve her happiness dream she does not need material objects. Plath uses techniques such as interior monologues to give us the deep feeling of failure residing in Esther and this gives us the depressive disorder that we should follow our own dream, instead of following a fake dream. While in contrast Miller uses the 19th and 20th century dreams in order to explore what the American Dream really is and how to achieve it.We can see this when Biff asks, Why am I trying to be sum up what I dont indispensability to be and states he desires to be outdoors with his shirt off for him to build a future. Biff represents freedom from the shackles of society, often breaking the convention, such as committing crimes in order to rebel. These explorations of the American Dream are very different in the way they are presented nevertheless both lead to the same conclusion, which is that you need to do more than strive and talk about your dreams, but act upon them, which both characters try, but evidently fail.Both writers look to expose the myth of the American Dream and the harsh reality within the characters of the respective texts. This idea is shown predominantly through the main characters, Willy and Esther, who are complete opposites in this view. Miller portrays Willy as the average low-middle crystallize American who only has the hope of the dream to cling to and keep him going, this is why Willy doesnt understand the true meaning of the American Dream, as he himself has fallen into the soak up to what he thinks society motives him to be.This is evident when he exaggera tes it is his way of following the American dream. He talks about how popular he is and how his funeral will be considerable, whereas in reality he is unknown. His dream is to be rich and famous and to an extent he fools himself into believing this, such as when he talks about how he sold five hundred in Providence but then realises that he only sold two hundred gross on the upstanding trip. This gives us a sense of tragedy, that no matter how hard he tries to provide for his family, he is destined to fail, which Miller hints at with the attempted suicide with the preventative tube.However, Plath portrays Esther as a b powerful young women, who has the opportunity of living the American Dream but she can see through the illusion of what society thinks she should be. When she has her depiction taken, she has to hold a fake rose and the rose doesnt represent her as a person or what she aspires to be, which is the point that Plath explores with regards to the American Dream in The Bell Jar. Plath and Miller use very different techniques to represent the American Dream. This is due to the texts being of different styles one is a novel and the other a play.That state they do share some similarities, such as non-linear narratives to give us an insight into the key themes. The techniques used give different insights into the individual thoughts of the American Dream. iodin technique used by Plath is the interior monologue, which gives us the intimate thoughts of Esther and what she thinks of the world around her. Plath uses this technique to show her thoughts about the American Dream, as though they are her own thoughts represented in Esther.This gives us a very powerful opinion on the American Dream, as it is an opinion that is close to what we may also think from reading the novel. However Miller uses the flash- covering fire technique in order to show where the idea of the American Dream originates and Willy and Esther perceive it this way. This form of strea m-of-consciousness gives us a clear-cut view into what the character perceives and can often help us to understand of why the characters act as they do.One way that both authors explore the concept of the American Dream is by how the characters can achieve their individual dreams this often leads to pressure to pursue the wrong dream. This is present in a lot of the characters in both texts such as Biff, who is the only realistic one in the Loman family. He realises his boundaries and abilities but in spite of this he still attempts to set up a businessman out of himself though it is not what he wants, which he shows when he says, Why am I trying to become what I dont want to be. He also informs us that Willy has all the wrong dreams.This idea of becoming a successful businessman is a carbon copy of Willys dreams, pressed onto Biff. though Biff, unlike Willy, doesnt procrastinate, everything for Willy is done in the morning and this is the main reason why he is unsuccessful, he tal ks instead of taking action as we are shown when Charley says that Bernards gonna do it instead of saying it, which Willy seems to admire. On the other hand Esther is the opposite of Willy she is academically successful, more popular and has the chance to grasp the American Dream.Esther says I was suppositional to be having the time of my liveliness but the only problem with Esthers dream is that society wants her to be something else and this pressure is one of the reasons for her latter depression, when she was meant to be happy. When Plath uses the stream-of-consciousness technique we see that Esthers thoughts about the American Dream seem to deteriorate as her mental stability does, not even noticing when she could have potentially had a dream life in the fashion industry saying its somebody else in the magazine photo. Another character that Miller shows is following the wrong dream is Happy.He follows what Willy thinks he should be and he is always looking for his father to n otice him, such as when he comments on how he is losing weight. This is an example of following the wrong dream. Happy has fallen prey to trying to make someone else happy by living their dream instead of following his own ambitions, which is the point that Miller explores. Miller has deliberately set up the brothers to have contrasts as we can see within the dreams they possess. Miller also explores the idea that the American Dream is possible if you try this is in the case of Bernard.Bernard, like Ben, is the prime example of the American Dream coming true. Although he isnt as popular as Biff or Happy, he manages to be an academic and now presents cases in the supreme court, which genuinely shocks Willy as he recognises that Bernards dream has come true. For Willy there is also an air of envy that Bernard has followed the right dream. We see how Willy blindly follows the American Dream and that he doesnt truly understand what it is, he thinks that a personally attractive man will be equal to be successful in the world of business.Willys understanding of the American Dream is limited as he believes that superficial qualities such as being care is all a man needs whereas we are shown that it is hard work and risks that allow men to live the dream, such as Bernard who he often ridiculed for being an anaemic. Another point that shows us Willys little understanding of the American Dream is the metaphor its dark there, but full of diamonds. This metaphor means that through the gruesomeness there will be a reward and is the main notion that drives Willy but it often appears in the form of Ben who reminds him.Ben gives the impression to Willy that he can do it, but also shows us Willys loosening grip to distinguish from reality and dream. The pressure to be something else or something great can have a massive strain on ones being and we can see this through the various suicide attempts by both Willy, with the rubber tube, and Esther with her trying to hang hersel f. In conclusion, I believe that each text explores the concept of the American Dream in very independent ways that express the opinions of the authors. Miller presents to us ideas such as to achieve the dream you have to be disillusioned which we see in the main protagonist, Willy.The combinations of techniques that Miller uses gives us the impression that nothing good can come out of the American Dream, as if almost hopeless to even have a dream. On the other hand, Plath uses the ideas of isolation being the problem, which we see in Esthers case. Plath uses the ideas of isolation coupled with depression to show the bleakness of striving to achieve a dream, which is a belief that Plath shares. This idea of isolation resonates in both main protagonists and leads back to the notion of society being the problem.Both characters dont fit in with society and are both under strain to be something they do not want to be. This gives us the sense that they are born into the wrong society an d this I believe is the point that both authors try to explore, that there is nothing wrong with the characters themselves but it is the world around them that is flawed and through various narrative and stage techniques the authors convey this conclusion successfully.BibliographyPlath. S The Bell Jar Faber (1966) Miller. A Death of a Salesman Heinemann (1949) Dan Clarke

Vernacular Architecture In Norway

camber Architecture In NorwayAll forms of crude architecture atomic number 18 learn in to meet specific necessitate, accommodating the values, economies and ways of living of the cultures the produce them. It may be adapted or developed over clock as needs and circumstances change. Paul Oliver (D headings)Vernacular architecture relates to available resources and their environmental context, and they are usually owner- or community- build, using traditional techno enteries. (Dwellings) on that point is not a bod of how many dwellings there is in the world straight off, solely between 90 and 98% of these builds are chamfer. Traditional expressions in close parts of the world very much reflect the cognition of a climate, an activity typical of its culture, and a construct sensible, and this is evident in Norways architecture. Norse wood (16) The know-how and sensibility, the skills and the capability to build successfully in response to the climate, the land, and t he resources to hand, involve been passed on between generations. (Dwellings) It progressed to meet the requirements of a distinct way of life, and lies integrated into a distinct terrain. Norwegian Wood (15) In lineage to the Mediterranean countries st champion culture, Norway belongs to a Nordic wood culture. Reima Pietila, a Finnish architect, asserted that the vision of Nordic man was a cave of wood. The need for a cave was for protection against a tough climate. It had to be made of the warm hearty wood to offer comfort during the long winters, and colourful to aim large number remember the flowers and the green trees of the summer. Norwegian Wood (7-8) Norway had no urban traditions until the nineteenth century. But from the Middle Ages until the Industrial Revolution it had a strong rural class. Norwegian architecture and art were thereof influenced mainly by local sources. Then because of its rural traditions, Norways highest accomplishments in some(prenominal) expre ssion and art were executed in the equivalent medium wood. Norwegian Wood (15) Norways traditional architecture had a remarkably long history, which began earlier then the Middle Ages. The buildings that developed in Norway are sacred because they show an intimate marriage between re gracefuld techniques and native materials, placed within a distinct landscape. Stave churches in Norway (23) In the woody earth area of the northern world, the tree provided the Nordic man his building. Norway was a massive forest belt. The upper atomic number 63s landscape was covered with woodland, and a strong wood-building culture grew from the 5th century. Norwegian Wood (15)Vernacular architecture in Norway (Log construction)The Norwegians built well-crafted wooden structures for 800 years, and they developed buildings that were suitable for their activities. The use of similar structures for such a long time was dictated by Norways agriculture way of life and the environment. Norways tradit ional architecture is equateed by two groups of wooden buildings farms and equip churches. Norwegian wood (16) There was two technical methods used by the Norwegian builders the enter and turn construction. In the stue (dwelling house) the horizontal logs produced a cave of wood in the rhythm method church the vertical staves made the association to heaven obvious. Norwegian Architecture (50) The farms were skilfully built to suit their specific needs. The pride of each farm was the loft, a two-story building that was used as storage on all traditional Norwegian farms. The best woodworking skills were applied on this structure during the 17th and eighteenth centuries, which therefore signified the highest achievement of Norwegian wood-building techniques. The lofts companion was the stue, the traditional dwelling, which reflected the lofts character in its advanced log construction. Norwegian wood (17) Norways restricted economy up until the seventeenth century made it harde r to import building materials another(prenominal)(a) than wood. Wood was plentiful, although the labour unavoidable preparing it, transporting it, and shaping it was not. Tough conditions forced the culture to collect a hatch of knowledge about their native material. This collection of cultural wealth inspired the creative powers of the craftsmen for several generations. Norwegian wood (18) Tradition is the heart of any vernacular. The Norwegian tradition is the great degree of craftsmanship. The Norwegians inherited an understanding about form and proportion from the natural properties of wood. The craftsmen of the Viking ships (ca.900 AD), the stave churches (ca.1200 AD), and the farms (ca.1700 AD) used the aforesaid(prenominal) resources, lived on the homogeneous land, and constructed the same sorts of structures for centuries. Not unexpectedly, a thoughtful handling of the wood is evident in Norways structures. Norwegian wood (19) The rural traditions in Norway continued to be strong well into the nineteenth century, and the farmers continued to stay close to nature. The topology as well resulted in comprehensive climatic conditions, which had significant consequences for its building patterns. That Norway is located in north Europe leads to short summer and long winter seasons. The winter could last up to nine months some places this meant that there were no second chances if wholeness did not knuckle under attention to the elements. Norwegian Architecture (28) I was nearly a life-and-death battle between man and nature in some parts of Norway. In a numerous of places, life was an endless battle against cold, starvation, and disease, a element that steered builders to select their site wisely. Norwegian wood (30) Norwegian craftsmen had a precise sentiency of the performance and weathering of the wood. The two building techniques stave and log construction, have been modified for several building types from culture to culture for a long period of time. In stave construction the builders used vertical planks to make the walls. It was master copyly fixed to the ground with no supporting frame. They were later raised and positioned on foundation beams. The logs that were notch at the corners were used for log construction, and were horizontally stacked on top of each another. Less wood were necessary on stave buildings than on log buildings, but their walls were thinner and retrained less heat. Log walls were the main construction of the dwelling, the stue, and the storage building, the loft, was constructed with a combination of both stave and log work. The craftsmen chose stave construction to build churches that would hoist beyond the tall pine trees and likewise connect the structure to a rough ground. Norwegian wood (62) Log construction is a kinda simple building technique one log stacked horizontally on top of another offers a robust wall and a firm connection at the corners. The integration of the log techniqu e allowed for tighter and more compact structures. Norwegian Architecture (50) The common use of the log technique, or laft technique as it is known in Norwegian, began in the period after the Viking era. The earliest surviving farm buildings date from this time. A naked era of building began after the blackened Death, around 1535. During this time, the Reformation in Norway created contact with other European countries this led to an increase in the Norwegian economy. The wider international communication and trade led to a highpoint of folk and building arts that culminated in the 1700s when log construction reached its highest expression in Norway. Norwegian wood (67) Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in 1814, and that was the beginning of Norways modern history. When the industrial re refreshingal began in the 1840s with the paper and textile industries, farming was already a business, and the agricultural techniques were modernized. But the expanding economy could not keep up w ith the rapid growth in the population. In the late half of the century, many emigrants, mainly from agricultural communities, left for America. The way of life had then changed, one could not farm on a family scale anymore, and traditional building techniques had been replaced by mass-production processes. Norwegian wood (68)Stave ChurchesNorway has always been a lightly populated country, and there were few public structures during the chivalric times. The rare exception was the stave church. The stave churches were built between 1030 and 1350. They usually stood unaccompanied against a group of farms and represented the sacred aspect of medieval life. The stave churches of Norway are some of the finest wooden buildings in Europe and are, at the same time, some of the oldest. They express some of the close advanced farming methods preserved in wooden architecture, and it is not shocking that this amount of complexity is apparent in a religious building. The stave churches confir m the extraordinary technology achieved by wooden construction techniques during the Middle Ages.It is surprising that these structures have lasted for so long, even more surprising when one realizes that most medieval structures left today were constructed in stone. Norwegian wood (17) Norway had no church-building traditions to draw upon when Christianity was introduced in the eleventh century. They had to trust their instinctive and extensive knowledge of the landscape to find a suitable site for these buildings. Norwegian architecture (27)The stave churches represent the transition that the Norwegian people had in the eleventh-century, they went from pagan and animism worship to Christianity. Norwegian wood (103) The Old Norse building techniques were customized the Christian usage in the stave churches. It received many Romanesque features the basilica shape is similar with the old Romanesque basilica. The circular arcs wad used in most of the stave churches from the Middle Age s, mainly for construction and dcor. The dcor could be found on gables, portals and in the interior. The dcor were mostly animal ornamentation, interspersed with Christian motifs. Norske stavkirker (19) The appearance of the stave church is unlike anything else. They have a very simple basic constructional carcass, but its extrapolation has created complex and extravagant architecture. Some of the churches contain of more than 2000 individual elements, without reckoning the roof shingles. The church rests on horizontal beams of wood that rests on a stone foundation. The vertical poles, the staves, wraps around the central square. The staves are joined to each other by clamping beams, usually with additional St Andrews crosses and knee braces to make the frame more solid. The pitched roof of the central part of the church is then back up by this frame. Norske stavkirker (13) Stave churches were a lot built in the best stored pine. The builders used different techniques to make the wood more solid. One of these techniques were to not cut mickle the tree, but to unless cut the top of the tree off, all the branches and remove the bark, and then let it stand there for sevral years. The tree then tried to survive, but became more and more covered in resin. The more resin it came on the wood, the more solid it became. Stil og interir (70)The Nordic sky is low and mostly grey, compared to the high, ruin sun of the Mediterranean countries. This means that in Norway the sun casts long shadows. The interior in the stave churches was dark and mysterious, and the light was dimmed, this expressed the environmental quality of Norway. The staves rise like the pine trees of the woodland toward the dark ceiling, and the people coming from the closed horizontal stue are transported into a superior world. Stave Churches in Norway (13) The wood also helps to create the quietly mysterious atmosphere, together with the structural pattern rising towards the sky, which contrasts the hard undecorated effect of the material and technique of stone architecture so radically. Stave churches in Norway (20) After the Reformation many churches became too small for their congregation and had to be enlarged. The liberal pastors also though the churches were to dark, and there for had windows built in. They also a great deal lowered the ceilings in order to preserve more heat in the winter. Stave churches in Norway (26)The Black Death swept through Norway in 1349, with catastrophic consequences. Between half and two-thirds of the population died. It was to take 300 years for the population to return to its original size. By the time new churches were built again, the knowledge of complex stave construction seems to have been illogical. Architecture in Wood It was built more than 1000 stave churches in the thirteenth century, but today only 22 remain. Norwegian wood (52)Todays architectureThe union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905 and Norway became an independent n ation.Most countries in the turn of the nineteenth century experience a romantic, nationalist movement, also Norway, this was caused by a longing for the greatness of its past. The building styles that emerged were an imitation of the stave churches, but the period also recognize the lost art of the laft construction. As a result, remarkable buildings built in the old log technique were moved from several farms and assembled into open-air museums. The need to describe building as an art quickly arose. As a result of the peoples national feeling, the open-air museums came to be regarded as folk museums. What was called folk art in other European building cultures was Norways main form of expression and was being produced even as late as 1900. Norwegian wood (68)The Norwegian folk museum in Oslo, known as Norsk Folkemuseum in Norwegian, is the largest museum of Norwegian cultural history. It has a collection of over 150 buildings from all around the country, and it represents how pe ople lived in Norway from 1500 to present time. These buildings represent different regions, different time periods, and also the differences between town and country, and social classes. The stave church located in the open-air museum is Gol Stave Church, dating from 1200, this is one of five medieval buildings at the museum.(http//www.norskfolkemuseum.no/en/target-groups/About-the-Museum/)In earlier times beauty was an expression of the people today it is the expression of each persons personality. However, one instinctively feels that beauty is not either old or new, it is timeless.Medieval buildings have the quality of beauty that one can rarely see in contemporaneous architecture. My readings have led me to determine that the idea of beauty exists, and was always used prior to modern times. The concept of beauty seems to have been lost in todays building culture, because of the loss of good craftsmanship. The characteristics of Norways traditional buildings were the remarkable ornamental qualities. This shows the importance of the craftsmanship process when construction was still considered an art and a craft. The marriage between fine materials and good craftsmanship seems to have been forgotten by todays builders and architects. This marriage offers the greatest inspiration for the building art. The past contrasts the present-day in many ways, and its constructors naturally had few choice of materials. But the lessons and knowledge given by a vernacular building culture are still valid. Norwegian Wood (9) One of the most important qualities for an architect is the response to the physical surroundings. It requires an understanding of the land to solve the problem of how to dwell in a particular area. The end result, generally for most traditional architecture, can be a quality linked to a specific site, or to a particular landscape. The mountains that generate wind or rain, the seasons that bring snow, the way that sun shines, or does not shine, are a ll important in determining a settlement social events are not the only thing that create its character. How a builder responds to these issues reflects his ability to build within a certain landscape. Norwegian wood (27) The vernacular buildings reflect the skill of building when tradition, and not new inventions, inspired builders the beauty of this was that the tradition uncovered existential meaning. This is missing in todays building culture, together with the drive of the craftsmen and the joy of constructing. Vernacular buildings have a breathing uniqueness, independent of its constructor, and because the builders highlighted this unique individuality in all its elements, a wonderful building appears. The Norwegian architect, Gunnar Granberg, said, the craftsmens knowledge was a given kinda than thinking about it, they simply built the buildings. Norwegian Wood (9)Learn from vernacular architectureOlder buildings have many features that we can learn from and supplement fur ther, both in modern construction and the maintenance of older buildings. Older buildings are often built with materials that are locally produced and lightly processed. The production of these materials has required little qualification and caused little environmental impact. This is an argument both to preserve older buildings and to use their knowledge for new construction. One should take advantage of the material properties, which means the right capacity and quality at the right place and function. This means that this part of the building will be more effective for a longer period of time, and one is then resource efficient when using the best qualities where it is most needed. Good craftsmanship is all about good material knowledge, good practices, knowledge of what is going to last, and how to perform the work. Each part of the buildings life span has great importance when thinking about resources. Old buildings are often constructed of materials and building components th at are built to last, without losing function or become aesthetically undesirable. How long a building can be used depends on the original quality, and whether it can be maintained in an appropriate manner. Traditional materials and building components are often very easy to maintain because the materials are lightly processed, and because the components are easy to get to and remove from the building. (Book) Many modern materials are presented as maintenance-free, but in reality they do not last and must be replaced more often. Many modern building elements consist of different materials which cannot be taken apart, which means that it is the material which has the shortest life span that determines the building component longevity. This is a poor use of resources.In older buildings not all dwell are heated to the same temperature. The hallways could often be colder than the living rooms, and some rooms were closed off in the winter. It was also common to furnish the center of the room or up against the fireplace, so that the breeze from the windows was not so infuriating. The indoor(prenominal) temperature was also kept lower. This was who they saved energy. Traditionally the natural ventilation made a good indoor climate. Wood heating and air channels create negative pressure, and fresh air is drawn in through leaks or vents in the winter. Venting through open windows in summer is also a simple and good solution. Natural ventilation provides ventilation without the need for energy input to operate the fans and heat exchanger, etc. When using a ventilation system the durability of the system corresponds to the durability of the building. The new building regulations make it almost impossible to build for natural ventilation. The tighter and violate insulated a building is, the more energy is required for ventilation and the more dependent one is that the advanced technical equipment works, maintained and used mightily. Development of natural ventilation will give us knowledge and solutions that contribute to energy efficiency also in modern construction. (book) Modern construction relies on as tightly insulated as possible and represents with other words, a completely different building physical principle the traditional buildings. It is therefore important not to think modern when working with old buildings as it can cause major structural damage over time. A very thick insulation layer requires efficient sealing of the house. This is challenging both during construction and later in their life cycle. Leaks may lead to rot and mold problems. A well-insulated house is totally dependent on a properly functioning ventilation system at any time. The physical principles in traditional buildings can provide useful knowledge in the development of new construction that looks more into these challenges.Traditional buildings are often characterized by the fact that there were few resources when they were built. Everything had to be done by hand, transportation was cumbersome, and the processing was often done on site and was limited. We then developed a tradition of building energy and resource efficient based on passive measures. This stands in contrast to the current to todays trend towards ever more advanced technical solutions and energy-intensive processes.(http//www.riksantikvaren.no/Norsk/Tema/Energisparing/Hva_kan_vi_lare_av_eldre_hus+/)Older houses are often less isolated and leakier than the requirements set in the current building regulations. They therefore require more energy in the production phase. The reason for the increasingly stringent energy requirements is the need to drop greenhouse suck emissions. It is often difficult to isolate older houses so that they meet the regulations without destroying the heritage values. The Directorate in Norway are working towards trying to compensate the use of renewable energy for the higher energy consumption in older houses. This will help achieve the goal of reducing CO2 emissions while preserving the cultural historic values.Wood as a building material causes little environmental impact compared to for example the production and use of concrete and steel. This relates to the entire life cycle (production, transport, maintenance, durability and disposal etc.). Using more wood in buildings as a replacement for less environmentally friendly materials will help to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions.(http//www.riksantikvaren.no/Norsk/Tema/Energisparing/Bruk_av_tre_i_et_miljoperspektiv/)It is essential that vernacular building traditions are supported to assist local builders in matter of sanitation and disaster preparedness, while same time learning and benefiting from their experience, knowledge and skills. Paul OliverConclusionBy investigating vernacular architecture we can recover much accumulated wisdom. The ever-growing number of vernacular studies that has kept on appearing since the nineteenth century, these has improved our knowl edge and understanding of historic and modern vernacular traditions. (Built to meet needs)Housing the ever-growing global population is one of the biggest problems we are facing today, but this has not yet caught the same attention as issues of food, health, climate change or the reduction of biodiversity. This problem has to be recognized for the future well-being of the people to be ensured. The survival of the vernacular will help not only with housing, but also sustainable techniques. (Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century) Architects and builders should look at vernacular knowledge and performance to respond to the over-growing demands for housing and natural disasters. Studying vernacular traditions will give us better adaptation knowledge. Many traditions from the vernacular have been an associated with poverty, underdevelopment and the past this became apparent in the process of urbanization, globalization and modernization. It is not viewed as a work of architecture t hat is adjusted to its local surroundings, cultures and economies, but rather as a work in progress. This has led to the replacement and abandonment of many unique and distinctive vernacular buildings. (Atlas of Vernacular Architecture)It is important to take care of the local traditions. And in Norway that means that we need to use more wood in modern buildings. The challenge with timber is that it takes a long time to warm them up, but when they are warm, they stay warm for a long time. If we unite the old log technique with the best of new heating technology it will be big changes. The question is not old or modern building technique, but more use of timber. The vernacular buildings still standing today should be preserved and learnt from. In the case of Norway, some measures can be made, if all the Norwegian boroughs that have houses from 1650 and earlier built houses in this tradition, the Norwegian heritage buildings could be saved, and young people would then also learn how to construct in a traditional and sustainable way. This would make a radical change considering the environment when one kilogram timber can bind 1.7 kg CO2, and a house made in log technique with locally produced timber have a lifespan on 800-900 years. This is what I call sustainabilityTake it easy and be completely focused on the task. Remember, in the end, no one asks how long it took. What is crucial is that what you have done is correct. Arne Berg(http//www.vl.no/kultur/var-byggekunst-er-doende/)

The South Park Research Paper Film Studies Essay

The southwestern commonalty Research Paper Film Studies EssayTwo gentlemen, leash Parker and Matt fossa, formd the television-hit series southward Park. Trey and Matt started their journey in two completely separate ways that eventually brought them together.. In this paper I am going to give a brief biography of both men, provide a brief history well-nigh South Park, provide nurture on copyright and pick outly commit, talk about different copyright infringement themes against South Park and talk about some of the animosity that exists towards the creators of South Park.Randolph Severn Parker III also known as Trey Parker, was born on October 19, 1969 in Conifer, Colorado. Parker is the younger of two children of Randy II and Sharon Parker. Growing up Parker accompanied West Jefferson Junior High and Evergreen High School. It was at that place that he learned that he had a funny side to him because he was voted the class clown. fit to treyparker.info/biography, in high s chool he made an album with pal David Goodman titled Immature A Collection of Love Ballads for the 80s Man which showcased his humor as well as his musical talent (Shpadoinkle, 2011). After graduation Parker attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston. He transfered to the University of Colorado at Boulder where he majored in music that also took classes to learn more about the film process(Shpadoinkle, 2011). It was here at the University of Colorado where he met Matt St wiz (Shpadoinkle, 2011 funniness Central, 2012). unfortunately Parker was kicked out of school because he was missing too many classes due to a film he began shooting over spring break in 1993 called Alfred Packer, the Musical. In 1996 the musical changed names to Cannibal The Musical due to the desires of Troma, a company that picked the film up for distribution. Parker created many animated shorts before he moved to LA to absorb a c arer with South Park, which helped him get to where he is today After bein g expelled Parker decided to move to Los Angeles, California to pursue his career with the show South Park where he and St nonpareil are now working on the 16th season of the show. At this time Parker yet resided in Los Angeles (Shpadoinkle, 2011 comedy Central, 2012).Matthew Richard Stone, was born on May 26, 1971 in Houston, Texas. Stone and his family moved to a towns statesfolk in Colorado called Littleton. It was here in Littleton where he attended Heritage High School. After high school Stone attended the University of Colorado at Boulder where he majored in math. Math wasnt his all interest he also had an interest in filmmaking, which is how he met Parker. Stone and Parker hit it off right away and put their minds together to create a series of crudely animated cartoons. After Stone completed college he moved to Venice, California to pursue his career with the show South Park (Fandango, 2012 Starpulse, 2012 Comedy Central, 2012).Parker and Stone immediately hit if off in college because of their love of film. While there they created two animated shorts together called American History which won a student academy award and The Spirit of Christmas Frosty vs. Jesus which is where some of the characters from South Park originated. Parker and Stone contacted Comedy Central about creating a show based off of the animated characters they created together in college. Comedy Central decided to pick the show South Park up. South Park made its debut on August 13, 1997 and even though it did not do well with the viewers, Comedy Central decided to air six episodes.The town of South Park is based off of a mountain town of Fairplay, Colorado close to where Stone fuckd during his childhood. In the summer of 1999 Parker and Stone released a feature film length film called South Park Bigger, Longer Uncut, which was a musical. One of the songs in the musical was called Blame Canada, which was nominated for best song at the academy Awards (Fandango, 2012 Starpulse , 2012 Comedy Central, 2012).In 2000, Comedy Central negotiated a new contract that allowed South Park to air three more seasons. Then again in 2003 there was a negotiation for a 9th and possible 10th season depending on ratings. This process just kept repeating any year until 2012 where South Park was given their 16th season contract. They got this far because the show grew to be the highest rated original series in the networks history (Shpadoinkle, 2011 Comedy Central, 2012).South Park is a comedy-animated series created by Stone and Parker. Distributed by and ventilation system on Comedy Central and its current owner, Viacom, since 1997, South Park follows the surreal adventures of four young boys who live in the small town of South Park, Colorado. South Park satirizes many aspects of American culture and current events, and challenges deep-set convictions and taboos, usually using parody and black humor (Jingle Bell Lyrics, 2020). South Park got its start in 1991 when Parker and Stone, then film students at the University of Colorado, created their animated short called Jesus vs. Frosty (also known as The Spirit of Christmas). The crudely made film featured prototypical versions of the kids of South Park, including a character resembling Cartman but called Kenny, bringing a murderous snowman to life with a magic hat. The baby Jesus then saves the day by decapitating the monster with a halo (Jingle Bell Lyrics, 2020). The characters and basiss of South Park are made to appear deliberately crude, as if they are simply made of cut out pieces of paper. Paper cutouts were indeed used in the original pi grant Parker/Stone elan vital and in the very first Comedy Central episode, but every subsequent episode aired on TV has been produced by computer lifespan that provides the same crude look (Jingle Bell Lyrics, 2020).Now in its 16th season, South Park continues to surprise even its most devoted fans each and every week. Known for its unbelievably immediat e and ruthless responses to world events, South Parks new episodes bring up-to-the-minute news and pop culture icons (including Al Gore, J. Lo, Oprah, Sir Elton John, turkey cock Cruise, John Travolta, and P. Diddy) to the town of South Park for social commentary and good old-fashioned ridicule (Comedy Central, 2012).Since I am going to be talking about two different copyright cases against the creators of South Park, I thought it would be a good idea to give a little bit of background information about the current copyright and median(a) use laws.right of first publication is contained in Article One, Section 8 of the Unites States Constitution. Our current copyright law is called the Copyright Act of 1976. Even though it was written in 1976 the law did not go into effect until January 1, 1978 (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012).Copyright provides exclusive rights to copyright owners for a special(a) period of time. Our current copyright law provides willpower for works by in dividuals for as long as the person lives and then 70 years by and by their passing (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). The copyright law also provides ownership for works created in a work for hire situation, which is when some social function is created by an employee of a company for their employer. This ownership is for 95 years after publication or 120 years after the creation (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012).Not everything can be can be copyrighted Some types of things that cannot be copyrighted are works not original works of authorship or not fixed in a tangible medium of expression, ideas, facts, titles, names, phrases, slogans, and works in public domain (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). One thing to always remember about copyright is that copyright is a property right, meaning that it can be willed, sold or transferred to someone else just manage a car (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). One final thing to remember about copyright is that, you dont have to register your work but, if you do it will protect you in case there is an infringement law casing brought against you or if you need to bring one on against someone else (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012).Fair Use is contained in Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976 (Bieber Notes Fair Use, 2012). The definition states The fair use of a copyrighted workfor purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including triple copies for classroom use) scholarship or research is not an infringement on copyright (Bieber Notes Fair Use, 2012). One thing that must always be remembered is that even if a use may fall into one of these six categories there are other criteria that must be considered as well. The four things that must be considered are the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and considerably of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole and the effect of the use on the potential market for o r value of the copyrighted work (Bieber Notes Fair Use, 2012). When looking at a copyright infringement case, copyright and fair use are the biggest topics that they look at.Stone and Parker have been in trouble many times when it comes to copyright infringement. Their most recent case has to do with a character call the Lollipop King. Exavier Wardlaw claims that they steal his ideas from his creation, the Lollipop Forest (Orfanides, 2012). On October 15, 2012 when Wardlaw made this claim, TMZ reported that his show was ripped off by the South Park guys and that his wholesome family show was completely ruined and that neither Parker nor Stone removeed for his permission to use the character (Orfanides, 2012). TMZ reported that, according to the suit, filed in federal court in Philadelphia, Exavier is suing for copyright infringement and is demanding that South Park stumble all traces of the Lollipop King from the Imagination land trilogy (Orfanides, 2012). Wardlaw is taking this m atter very seriously. The creators of South Park should know that this is not a laughing matter. This case is still currently in process and the trial hasnt happened yet so I cant say what the outcome is yet.The Lollipop King lawsuit isnt the moreover lawsuit against Parker and Stone recently. This next case involves the episode called Canada On Strike that aired on Comedy Central in 2008. According to eef.org, the episode deals with strike, viral depictions, and internet fame. In the episode, the nation of Canada goes on strike, demanding a share of the internet money they believe is being generated by viral videos and other online content (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The boys Stan, Kyle, Carman, and Butters come up with an idea to create a viral video to see if they could raise enough internet money to get the Canadians to stop striking.The boys create a video, What What (In The Butt), (WWITB) in which Butters sings a paean to anal sex (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The video was taken from an actual video that Brownmark Films owns the copyright to of an adult male vocalizing and dancing in tight pants(Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The South Park version recreates a large portion of the original version, using the same angles, framing, dance moves and ocular elements (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The biggest difference is that the video is starring Butters who is nine years old and at different points in the video is dressed up in 3 different costumes.Brownmark Films, the copyright right holder, is suing South Park Digital Studio (SPDS) for copyright infringement under the Copyright Act of 1976. Brownmark Films did in fact denotation both videos but did not attach either work to the complaint (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). SPDS responded back right away claiming that the South Park version of the video was clearly fair use under section 107. SPDS attached the works of both videos and moved for dismissal. Brownmark Films response was that the court could not consider this to be fair use. After Brownmark Films and SPDS went back and forth a couple of times the district court finally came to a ruling.The district court concluded that one entirely needs to take a fleeting glance at the South Park episode to determine that its use of the WWITB video is meant to lampoon the recent delirium in our society of watching video clips on the internetof rather low artistic sophistication and quality in other words fair use (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The court granted SPDSs motion to dismiss based on the fair use affirmative defense. The ruling was affirmed. Things like this have happened to Parker and Stone multiple times and so far they have been able to get out of trouble. They just take their chances and deal with whatever comes their way.There is also a lot of hatred toward the South Park creators, Parker and Stone. The hatred started because in the 20 0th episode of South Park, which was broadcast in April 2010, a proposal to bring the seer Mohamed to town is met with short shrift at a community meeting. Are you nuts? one character says. If Mohamed appears in South Park we get bombed We dont know that, another replies. maybe enough time has passed that now its OK to show Mohamed(The Independent, 2012). South Park is a show that is very cruel and doesnt care about what some people are going to think or who is going to take offence to what they say or show.In February, Zachary Adam Chesser, 21, who admitted to posting online threats, was sentenced to 25 years in prison (CNN, 2011). Chesser who converted over to Muslim, encouraged violent jihadists to attack the South Park writers for an episode that depicted the Prophet Mohammed in a bear suit (CNN, 2011). The warning was posted on the New York-based website Revolution Muslim. In an article that suggested that Parker and Stone would probably wind up like Theo Van Gogh for airing this show, a writer calling himself Abu Talhah al-Amrikee (The Independent, 2012). Theo van Gogh, who was a Dutch filmmaker, was stabbed to death on a street in Amsterdam, Netherlands, by an Islamic extremist in 2004. He became the target of radical Muslims after releasing a short film about oppression of Islamic women in Europe (CNN, 2011). Chesser took this attack one step further and going as far as posting messages online with the addresses of where Parker and Stone lived and urged the readers to pay them a visit (CNN, 2011).Not only was Chesser charged but Jesse Curtis Morton who is a resident of Brooklyn, New York, is the second person charged in the South Park Case. Morton also was not Muslim but, decided to convert to Islam. Morton is one of the co-founders of the Revolution Muslims 2008, which is where Chesser posted these threatening messages (CNN, 2011). This ultimately is how Morton and Chesser met each other and become friends and grew hatred toward Parker and Stone.In conclusion, after doing this paper I have learned so much more about the show South Park as well as the creators, Trey Parker and Matt Stone. There are many things, like the two most recent court cases including the What What (In The Butt) video, as well as the Lollipop King case that I didnt know even existed. I love watching the show but I truly had no clue that the creators had this much trouble every time they aired a show. The two cases are not the only cases that were brought against the creators. There are other cases as well that I did not mention in my paper. I think that the creators should probable ask different people before using them in their show, or in the Muslim case, maybe they should of asked the commander of Islam if they could make a show about the Prophet Mohammed. Copyright is a big issue, not just with South Park, but with a bunch of television shows out there. Remember, if you dont know what you are signing or you dont understand something in your contract, or even if you want to use something and you are not sure if you can, hire a layer

Health Promotion in the UK

hygienicness Promotion in the UKIntroductionHealth forwarding is a vast and tortuous subject, encompassing aspects of translations of wellness, practical and political accesses to promoting wellness, program line, amicable form _or_ system of government and particular judgements related to pr all the sametative approaches to lifestyle management. As much(prenominal), it requires c atomic number 18ful examination and consideration in ground of the current UK socio-political culture and in considerations of the evolution of wellness forward motion into its current state (Scriven and Orme, 2001).Health advancement involves a great variety of hatful, professions and players, including politicians, doctors, nurses, tender care professionals, teachers and educators, the legal profession, and of course, the general public. It touches everyone in our society in one form or another, from the advertising on cigarette packets to the nutritional information displayed on super market foods. indeed, it is of concern to everyone in society, because it considers wellness, however it is defined, as being to a certain degree manageable, in that the manipulation of lifestyle and purlieual factors can support people in achieving optimum health and wellbeing. However, its very complexity, partly due to its historical evolution, partly due to the complex genial and political interactions which define the sphere of health in society, can mean that simplistic feels of health, health furtherance and associated concepts are difficult to define and to achieve.This essay leave behind compensate slightly of the complexities of the issues of health progression. It will attempt to define what health promotion is, what ideas, ideals and concepts it includes, and how health promotion is realised in a practical sense. It will as well as address the need for geographic expedition of the outcomes and interactions of health promotion activities, and their social and institutional place deviseting. It will, of necessity, discuss aspects of the healthcare systems at bottom the United Kingdom which pertain to the subject, and of the socio-political systems and histories which underpin the current climate. It will then view vital aspects of health promotion, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as health education and communicating, participative approaches to health promotion, and evaluation of health promotion initiatives. The author will excessively attempt to tip over ethical, political and professional dilemmas that arise in sassy practices and policies for promoting health and explore the obtaining of ways of promoting health that tackle social and economic inequalities and that are holistic and cultur solelyy sensitive.What is Health Promotion?Tones (2001) describes health promotion as a contested concept, raising immediately the notion of differing definitions of health promotion, perhaps based on different conceptualisations of heal th or different social or political imperatives. Health promotion has often been viewed as synonymous with health education, while health education conversely is often believed to be a fundamental component of health promotion (Tones, 2001). It is similarly standoffed with and perhaps interchangeable with definitions of public health (Tones, 2001). This relationship with public health immediately takes the notion of health promotion away from the individual sphere and places it firmly in the public sphere, in spite of appearance the context of the social and political systems of the nation in question, or at bottom a global perspective, both of which are applicable to this essay and discussion. Tones (2001) purposes a formula for health promotion where healthy public policy is multiplied with health education, establishing their relationship as the basis for our definitions of the concept. The World Health Organisation defines health promotion as the process of enabling peopl e to increase control over, and to improve, their health. This generic definition suggests that health itself is an individual state over which individuals can piddle whatsoever stones throw of control. Jones et al (2002, p.xi) also suggest that for m whatever people, health promotion means targeting behaviour, unless view it as something imposed upon them which does not necessarily work for them.However, given up over that promoting heath is a diverse, complex and multi-faceted activity (Jones et al, 2002, p5), these definitions do not address the throw of activities and ideologies associated with the process. Health promotion policy searchs to combine diverse approaches which include legislation, pecuniary measures, taxation and organizational change. Tones (2001) simplistic suggestion of a formula of the interdependence of health education and healthy public policy as a definition of health promotion does not focus on the image of the individual. Both are equally import ant in our understanding of this issue. Tones (2001 p4) however further goes on to discuss a model of health promotion which focuses on the purpose of healthy public policy and health education, which is competed to be the empowerment of individuals and communities to reduce or remove the miscellaneous barrier spreventing the attainnment of health for all. This is a more useful definition, but rather idealistic, as it suggests that much(prenominal) a goal is achievable, and there whitethorn be vast differences in individuals notions of health and their abilities to achieve this.Health promotion and health education are often also seen as synonymous. Health education can be as complex an issue as health promotion to define. Education implies somebody teaching or educating, and somebody learning new information. Tones (2001) p 15) describes emancipatory education, a dialectical process which involves critical consciousness raising which leads to the translation of critical thinking about social issues into action. Health education involves communication and the transmission or sharing of information, but also implies that much(prenominal) information essential be assimilated by the recipient and then utilised in clubhouse to bring about change in the self or in aspects of behaviour, lifestyle or environment.There are great benefits in adopting the curent collective approach to promoting health, which aims to involve people not only in their own health and well-being but in acting together upon theirf physical, social, political and economic environment for the sake of health (Sidell et al, 2002, p 1). much(prenominal) approaches allow for the incorporation, validation and promotion of individual and gathering needs based on diversity in race, heathen or religious identity, social or lifestyle identity, social status and social and geographical inequality.Historical Milestones in Health PromotionWebster and cut (2003 p9) suggest that while the immediate sources of health promotion and current approaches to public health lie in the political history of the 1970s, there are roots which go much further back, arguing that all communities have had some interest in co-ordinated association action to ensure a better life. The historical link between health promotion and public health is well established, with one of the most crucial milestones being the formation of the National Health Service in 1948, whose medicalised approach initially hindered public health and health promotion initiatives as we see them today in favour of a treatment-oriented approach to illness (Webster and French 2003 p 10).Webster and French (2003 p11) suggest that the three seminal documents which launched what we know perceive as the health promotion movement were the Lalonde Report New Perspectives on the Health of Canadians (1974) the World Health Organisations Global Strategy for Health for All by the Year 2000 (1981) and the Ottawa Charter for Health Prom otion 1986). It was these documents which, collectively, set out a vision for health improvement which exceeded the traditional approaches of sanitation engineering, lifestyle health education and preventing and caring health function which characterised health promotion to that point. Instead, health promotion became concerned principally with empowering citizens that that they could take control of their health an in so doing attain the best possible chance of a ample and enjoyable life (Webster and French, 2003, p 15).This notion of empowerment appears fundamental to current perspectives on health promotion and to its influences on the National Health Service, including on such concepts as patient participation and collaboration, service user involvement and patient rights. This heralds a move away from the medicalisation of health towards a more social definition of health where power is unmingledly distributed more equally among those who experience and those who purport to affect health, illness and wellness. This is something that the World Health Organisation appears to have consistently advocated, a positive and holistic view of health which comprises mental, physical and social elements (Tones, 2001 p6). The Ottawa treaty, which encompasses the key principles of equity, empowerment and the reorientation of the health function, reflects this notion of demedicalisation, where collaborative operative by the many agencies concerned with health promotion is believed to maximise the potential of any strategy or policy in this arena (Tones, 2001, p7).Within the UK, policy drivers which have driven health promotion initiatives are too numerous and complex to fully explore within the context of this essay. However, political initiatives, changes in health and social services, changes in approaches to public health and changes in statutory control and responsibility for public services have all formed part of the UK health promotion focus (Jones et al, 2 002 p 9-13). However, there appears to be a counter culture of bottom up drivers as well, with empowerment leading to the enabling of the activities of community and free groups to bring about change at local and even national directs. This reflects the overall picture of holistic health promotion as a community development activity rather than a policy founded in political rhetoric.Contextual and Practical Issues in Health PromotionThe setting of health promotion is also of some concern, with the role of the media, community development and critical consciousness raising (Tones, 2001, p14-15) unflustered areas of some argumentation. This author would argue that the media whitethorn have some merit in health promotion, but that there are likely to be many who do not trust the messages given out given that so much advertising is false, suggestive and manipulative, and based on the need to sell products rather than truly promote health. Health and community services appear to be t he most impactful arenas for health promotion to take place within.The National Health Service has already established a policy context for the promotion of health within public services (Adams, 2001 p35). Therefore, a primary and important leader for health promotion is the health authority, with its twin roles of service improvement and strategical leadership for improving health and tackling health inequalities (Adams, 2001, p38). Activities such as health needs assessments and community planning can be carried out in a collaborative and participative way with local organisations and community groups in order to target and focus health promotion activities at a policy level (Adams, 2001, p 39).Primary healthcare services and Primary Care Groups can also be a fomite for health promotion (Velleman and Williams, 2001, p43), and given their location within communities should be ideally suited to this role. Such groups can focus on practical initiatives to reduce inequalities in heal th and to target issues such as touchwood disease, cancer, teenage pregnancies and accidents, on the back of governmental initiatives, alongside emergent and self-defined local issues (Velleman and Williams, 2001, p43).An example of an activity by a primary care group is of a stop smoking initiative, whereby health professionals were trained and located in GP practices to provide one to one support to smokers who want to quit, and practices were supported in ontogenesis systems that deliver stop smoking interventions effectively (Velleman and Williams, 2001 p 44). Such practices can have multiple benefits, both to the individuals whose health is improved by the intervention, and to their communities. The wider impact is also that such practices can serve as examples and provide evidence for other groups wishing to develop similar interventions. So it would seem that local initiatives can be of much wider importance. GPs have, following changes in contracts, been charged with the re sponsibility of improving the publics health (Jones et al, 2002). But the limitations of their services, their training and their ambit are still apparent (Jones et al, 2002).The National Health Service also has an already established professional context which is ideally suited to taking forward notions of square(a), holistic health promotion whereby communities and individuals become empowered as agents of their own wellbeing. Community nursing services, again on the frontline of NHS care and which function fully within the communities they serve, can be a vehicle for such activities (Wright, 2001, p58). These work alongside specialist health promotion services who act as catalysts and facilitators at local levels (Learmonth, 2001 p 66). Such professionals and services can be active in organisation development, through leadership, partnership, development, training, education and support and policy and strategy development (Learmonth, 2001, p66). They can also engage in evidence based practice, market explore, communication and publicity, and programme management (Learmonth, 2001, p67). The benefits of having such professionals are obvious, particularly within the already overstretched and under-funded health and social services sector. Such activities appear vitally important to achieving health promotion goals, and in particular to ensuring collaborative working and full community engagement. Therefore, specialist services can also support community development through advocacy, needs assessment, community participation, information for health, and evaluation of services (Learmonth, 2001, p 67). However, there are challenges, particularly in the capacity and recognition of such services and their location, which whitethorn fall between traditional services and serve to hinder their function (Learmonth, 2001, p75).Hospital nursing practice also provides vast scope for health promotion (Latter, 2001, p77). Among other potentialities, the role of the hosp ital nurse as the primary caregiver for individual patients equates to a significant scope for health education (Latter, 2001, p78). However, there is also the need to further develop this role, and support its expression in the beleaguered health service (Latter, 2001, p 79). Despite the challenges of this, it could be argued that nurses have a strong role to play in creating environments that are supportive of health, encouraging community participation in health and helping to suffer healthy policies (Latter, 2001). It should be remembered, however, that nurses are themselves individuals, whose own health needs support and input, and so any drive towards increasing their functions within health promotion whitethorn also need to address their working conditions, and the demands which place a strain on their own health.Environment is another contextual issue in health promotion. The role of Local Authorities in supporting fitter environments and communities is described by Allen ( 2001, p 91), who argues that such authorities can act as role models, and through the work of environmental health services, can promote the health of communities through food inspection and maintenance of food safety housing standards health and safety at work and during re institution environmental protection communicable disease prevention and control licensing drinking water surveillance refuse prayer and street cleaning and pest control. These are statutory functions, but if effective and efficient, have obvious public health benefits and therefore health promotion benefits. In addition, the discretionary powers of local authorities can affect issues of HIV and AIDS, alcohol and drug addiction, nutrition, women and mens health, heating and energy advice, occupational health, environmental enhancement and poverty issues (Allen, 2001 p 91). Their limitations are apparent, but this is where the voluntary sector comes in, and often voluntary groups and agencies fill some of the g aps where statutory services cannot stretch to cover all areas.Social services address the social aspects of health, by engaging in preventive work with children and families, by involvement in the care of older people, and by engagement with the health and wellbeing of people with special needs (Jones and Rose, 2001 p 95-102.) Diversity issues can be addressed by some aspects of social services (Jones and Rose, 2001 p 95-102), but again, there are gaps, where in some areas voluntary agencies can fulfil identified needs that cannot be met by health and social care services. Another arena for health promotion is that of health education in schools (Scriven, 2001 p 115). This is another growth area, supported by a range of policy drivers (Scriven, 2001, p121 Beattie 2001 p 133). School nurses have always had a role in health promotion for specific age groups, and this is another area where health promotion opportunities can be maximised (Farrow, 2001 p 151). Similarly, there is some e vidence that Universities can be effective loci of health promotion activities, with the integration of visions of health within plans and policies and promotion of sustainable health within the wider community (Dooris and Thompson, 2001 p 160). For those who perhaps cannot be reached through these contexts, there is also the Youth Work setting, which also provides tidy scope for health information and advice, though this too is not without its challenges (Robertson, 2001 p 173-176). Where services fail to meet need, as already suggested, the voluntary sector may cover the shortfall. The greatest value of the voluntary sector lies in its diversity and its motivation, which stems from free will, moral purpose and individual personal engagement (Anderson, 2001 p 181). unforced agencies are non-profit-making and occupy a singular position within society. Conversely, profit-making agencies can also contribute to health promotion through health working policies and health promotion in the workplace (Daykin, 2001 p 204). Good occupational health services, for example, can also play a vital role in health promotion, both generally and in specific issues related to the type of employment and activities concerned (Lisle, 2001).What all of these point to is this notion of collaborative, interagency working, where health promotion becomes the putting surface goal of diverse states, agencies, services, professions and of course individuals. Some believe that effective interagency working lies at the heart of improving health outcomes for vulnerable populations (Jones and Rose, 2001, p 95). However, such a standard of working is difficult to achieve (Jones and Rose, 2001, p 95), perhaps because of the boundaries and restrictions within which such groups work, and the historical context which makes them protective of their own territory. It is obvious that such limitations must be overcome if health promotion goals are to be met. It we are to achieve the goal of a holis tic, socio-ecological model of health fully utilise to our societies, then new ways of working and communicating must be developed, building on current evidence from innovations and practice.Debates and Dilemmas in Health PromotionIt would be reasonable to raise the question, in the light of all these services, policies and drivers which promote health in our arguably well-endowed nation, why indeed is health promotion still such a challenge? Why are so many still suffering from ill health, social injustice, health inequalities and supposedly eminently preventable diseases? There may be many possible answers to this. Health is believed to be ultimately determined by the existence of equity and social justice, which is in crouch rooted in peoples material, social, economic and cultural circumstances (Tones, 2001 p7). It is also believed that community action for health is based on the premise that health chances and health choices are shaped, to a great extent, by the social, polit ical and economic conditions in which people live, and that ability of individuals to shape and control these structures is limited (Jones et al, 2002 p 25).It has been argued that the creation of healthy public policy is the prerequisite for changing adverse environments in order to facilitate the development of health (Tones, 2001 p8), but this author would also argue that adverse environments must be owned by those who live within them, and no amount of policy, imposed top-down will improve environments if those who live within them do not equally invest in their amelioration and long-term development. Tones (2001 p 9) does argue that individual empowerment and community empowerment are linked, and that these are partly dependant on a sense of community where individuals have some notion of membership of some kind of community or group. The term community implies a common bond between individuals (Jones et al, 2002 p 25). Therefore we see the individual in a different context, a context comprised of various relationships and connections with other individuals. These must for sure affect health and health promotion behaviours, positively and negatively.But what of the individuals who fall outside such communities? Is it the remit of government, at any level, to force or coerce individuals into a state of belonging? Definitions of communities and group identities may serve to alienate those who do not feel associated with them, but in this case it might be necessary to focus on the good of the many, and to address the larger issues before addressing individual differences of this kind. If self-empowerment is attainable (Tones, 2001 p 11) then such individuals may take control of their own health. Activities such as community campaign groups, self-help groups and even more politicised groups related to notions of womens or mens health may all engage in action for health (Jones et al, 2002), and therefore it could be argued that any one individual should find a group or action which concerns them or some aspect of their life or lifestyle. This may be particularly important in toll of diversity, where so-called nonage groups can both campaign for issues pertaining to their own identities and needs, and develop services which meet those needs.This returns us to the work of the voluntary sector, which is where such activities tend to find expression. But surely it is the role of government, and the services provided, at a locally devolved level, through central funding, to provide such sensitivity in the services and policies it underwrites? Some would argue that such sensitivity exists, but we have yet to see it fully realised in action, and have yet to see evidence of the efficacy of these great policy drivers in real practical terms. Jones et al (2002 p 47) suggest that community groups may find it useful to develop partnerships with local authorities, the education sector, other groups, NHS services, employers and even the media in or der to ensure a fully participative, collaborative and comprehensive approach to locally-suited health promotion activities. This author would argue that with the best will in the world, there will always be a divergence between the goals of different groups, and an imbalance of power between these different agencies.The agendas of central government may end up dominating those of the community, and while such collaborative working is the ideal, it may need to be undertaken with awareness and caution. Farrant (2003 p 230) argues that the recent moves towards community development may simply mirror or reinforce the existing power inequalities within social systems, and such activities simply serve as another vehicle for governmental control. It is therefore important to be aware of the policy context within social action on health promotion, and to engage in true community or communal activities rather than those made possible by the current political and funding context.The paternal ism of our current political system is evident in the media and the governmental policy drivers which shape public services. Such paternalism may be of some benefit in highlighting health promotion issues which need to be addressed, but the media reports demonstrate an over-generalisation of the issues. It is at the community level that the real needs can be identified (Jones et al, 2002 p 100). Part of this process is the evaluation of health promotion initiatives and actions, particularly participatory evaluation of community action with dissemination of findings (Jones et al, 2002 p 100). This serves two purposes. It allows communities themselves to build on evidence and continue to grow and develop such initiatives in a reflexive manner, and it establishes their work within the fields of health and social care on a more critical, intellectual level as an evidence-base which can educate and empower others.This essay has touched on the notion of public health and policy drivers, a nd has equated health promotion, to a certain degree, with the notion of public health. It is important, therefore, to consider the public health debate and the politics of health promotion. The context of public health within the UK is very much concerned with the notion of health inequalities, again, as mentioned in the above discussion. The evidence from the UK still points to considerable inequalities in health depending on region, and on individual occupation, and suggests that these inequalities are widening, despite significant improvements in aspects of social and economic wellbeing (Graham, 2003 p 20). Changing distributions of work and income, changing access to housing (such as increases in owner-occupation), changing patterns of working and domestic help lives are all affecting social determinants of health (Graham, 2003 p 24-25). It has long been believed that income inequality is an important determinant of health in richer societies, but research suggests that popula tion health is related less to how wealthy a society is, and more to how equally or unequally this wealth is distributed (Graham, 2003 p 25).But individual factors must be taken into consideration, particularly in terms of health and illness. It is no surprise that an individuals health is a determinant a well as an outcome of socio-economic circumstances, where those in better health are more likely to move up the occupational and economic ladder, while those in poorer health will not (Graham, 2003 p 26-27). Factors on the individual level include material factors, such and the physical environment of the home, the neighbourhood and workplace, and living standards behavioural factors, such as health-related routines and habits, leisure activities and diet and psychosocial factors in particular increased stress and risk-taking behaviours (Graham, 2003 p 27-28).Public health therefore has a dual remit to address the socio-economic factors which affect health, and to address the indi vidual factors which influence health. There is evidence of addressing individual lifestyle factors in governmental paternalism in such campaigns as the no-smoking campaigns and legislation, and the current debate on obesity. However, the notion of the evidence which underpins these drivers is debatable. There has been in recent years, a strong trend towards evidence-based practice in all aspects of health care, and this includes health promotion and public health (McQueen and Anderson, 2003 p 165). Ideally the theory informing practice should arise from multiple disciplines and represent diverse research (McQueen and Anderson, 2003 p 167).However, there is a divergence between empirical evidence and so called qualitative evidence, the latter of which does not enjoy the validity or acceptance of the former in terms of evidence. While health promotion is widely assumed to be based on science and a scientific basis for human behaviour, a scientific paradigm does not underlie our notio ns of health, public health and health promotion (McQueen and Anderson, 2003 p 168). The whole concept of public health and health promotion stems from an holistic and almost communalist paradigm, rejecting the view that human behaviour is simply a response to physiological and neural processes (MqQueen and Anderson, 2003 p 168). Therefore, simplistic, reductionist and scientific principles of evidence derived from statistics and experimental research will of necessity be woefully inadequate in addressing the very real complexities of health promotion in the practical and real community context. Therefore there is a need to identify news ways of seeking and defining appropriate evidence, in a developmental process which mirrors that of the health promotion activities themselves.ConclusionIt is evident that health promotion, particularly within the UK context, is a complex concept with a wealth of diverse yet oddly inter-related issues and problems. This essay has assay to discuss s ome of the issues raised in the set books for the K301 course, with an exploration of key issues and some debate of current provision. Health promotion is a governmental initiative, but remains also an ideogical and idealistic goal. It is best viewed as an holistic concept with contextual characteristics which must be taken into consideration. Some of these contextual characteristics are national, some are local or locational, and some are individual. It is the relationship between these three that defines both the need and the processes required to meet that need, fundamentally at a local level.The very complexity of the context requires that health promotion activities occur through collaborative, communal and partnership working, which means a change from traditional methods of organising health and social services. If we accept the principle that coordinated action leads to improved health, income and social policies that foster greater equity, then we understand the fact that c ollaborative action contributes to ensuring safer and healthier goods and services, better and more locally suitable public services, and cleaner, more healthful environments. It also requires that policy-makers, groups and individuals identify barriers and challenges to the adoption of healthier policies and behaviours, throughout society, and develop collaborative approaches to addressing these. However, avoiding paternalism and the mimicking of governmental agendas is also vital.What is most apparent from this discussion is that despite the debates, and there are many, the systems and resources are already in place to foster improved public health and health promotion activties and to engage all sectors of the community in these actions. Such resources include primary healthcare services and groups, nurses working in acute hospitals and within the community, specialist health promotion professionals, social services, schools, voluntary agencies, statutory agencies, youth groups, social and self-help groups, and many more. The potential of these groups in and of themsleves to engage in health promotion, and to value and communicate these activties to others as a form of evidence, is already apparent from the literature. In particular, the literature also suggests that the notion of evidence in this arena should move away from reductionist, scientific principles to mirror the holistic nature of the health promotion context. But the efficacy of these diverse players in the arena is limited until such time as full collaboration, partnership and inter-agency working is realised.

Great Gatsbys Report :: essays research papers

CHAPTER 1 incision Carraway, a young man from Minnesota who recently moved to New York to learn about the splice business, opens his story by describing himself. He is tolerant, slow to judge, and a good listener. As a result, people tend to share their secrets with him, including someone named Gatsby. Gatsby, Nick says, had a stunning dream, but the people surrounding him ruined that dream. Nick is so disgusted with these people and their New York lifestyle that he has left New York and returned to Minnesota.In the spend of 1922, however, Nick had just arrived in New York and rented a house on a part of Long Island chitchated westside Egg. Unlike the conservative, aristocratic East Egg, West Egg is home to the "new rich," those who, having made their fortunes recently, have neither the social connections nor the refinement to move among the East Egg set. West Egg is characterized by replete displays of wealth and garish poor taste. Nicks West Egg house is next to Gats bys mansion, a sprawling Gothic monstrosity.Nick is unlike his West Egg neighbors--he calibrated from Yale and has social connections on East Egg. One night, he drives out to East Egg to have dinner with his cousin Daisy and her husband Tom Buchanan, a designer member of Nicks social club at Yale. Tom, a powerful figure dressed in riding clothes, meets Nick on the porch. Inside, Daisy lounges on a throw away with her friend Jordan Baker, a competitive golfer who yawns as though bored by her surroundings.Tom tries to interest the others in a racist book called The fountain of the Colored Empires, by a man named Goddard. Daisy teases Tom about the book, but is interrupted when Tom leaves the room to take a phone call. Daisy follows him, and Jordan tells Nick that the call is from Toms lover in New York.After an awkward dinner, the party breaks up Jordan wants to go to bed because she has a golf tournament the next day. As Nick leaves, Tom and Daisy hint that they would like him to take a romantic interest in Jordan.When Nick arrives home, he sees Gatsby for the first time, standing on the lawn with his arms orbit out toward the dark water. Nick looks out at the water, but all he can see is a distant green light that might mark the end of a dock.