Jitmrpcaliach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jitmrpcaliach - Essay Example The two men recognized the middle role that inventory plays in manufacture. The Toyota manufacture System, as Ohno and Shingo termed the JIT system, also built-in elements of cellular developed and excellence organization (Waters-Fuller, 1995). This research focused on this truth that whilst Ohno and Shingo are accredited with raising the total JIT systems, a figure of their philosophies traces as far rear as the late 18th century. Eli Whitney, better known as the inventor of the cotton gin, developed and perfected the idea of interchangeable parts. Henry Ford afterward streamlined this idea and urbanized a whole manufacturing strategy by means of the meeting line. It was Ford's process, practical to Allied war manufacture in World War II that in the end attracted Japanese manufacturers, particularly Toyota (Sakakibara et al., 1997). Department of Homeland Security defines Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) as "wireless systems that allow a machine to read in order contained in a wireless machine or "tag" - from coldness without making a bodily get in touch with or requiring a row of sight between the two. RFID provides a method to broadcast and receive information from one point to one more." RFID is an automatic identification technique relying on storing and distantly retrieving data by means of plans called RFID tags or transponders. Historically, the RFID knowledge was approximately in 1920s; however, the primary known machine was imaginary in 1945 and was supposed to be used as an spying tool; however, this tool was now a listening machine and not an ID tag. The real RFID system was urbanized approximately 1960s. RFID System The RFID System includes the tags, transponders, transceivers and request to retrieved and read information from tags to transponders and request software. Additionally, the person part must be accomplished and taught for the -request. RFID Tags If we analyzed then we come to know that the RFID ticket is a small thing that can be attached to or included into a creation, animal, or being. There are three types of tags: inert, semi-passive and lively. The inert tag uses no interior power. This tag is motorized when radio frequency sign sends the electrical present to the interior circuit of the tag to broadcast a response and holds an identification figure only. Due to the be short of of onboard authority, the passive tag can be fairly small. The dimension can be as skinny as a paper and little as the tip of a person finger. RFID Tag Reader This research focused on this truth that in arrange for the RFID system to purpose, it needs a booklover or a scanner machine that is competent of reading the tags and converse the results to folder device. Each reader uses an aerial to broadcast radio influence to all tags chosen to respond to frequency inside that variety. A reader has a ability to communicate by means of the tags without a straight line of view, dependant on radio frequency and kind of tag used. The tag readers are able to take delivery of from manifold tags at once allowing for greater than before dispensation times. The readers variety in a variety of shapes, sizes, moveable and

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay Example for Free

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay 1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievementÃ'Ž Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Financial Performance Of Selected Commercial Banks In Uganda Finance Essay

Financial Performance Of Selected Commercial Banks In Uganda Finance Essay Persistent poor financial performance in commercial banks in Uganda yet stakeholders continuously alleged that corporate governance of these banks was doubtful, provoked the writing of this paper. Disclosure and trust, which constitute the integral parts of corporate governance, provide pressure for improved financial performance (Mark2000). This paper aims at establishing the relationship between the core principles of corporate governance and financial performance in commercial banks of Uganda. Findings indicate that Corporate Governance predicts 34.5 % of the variance in the general financial performance of Commercial banks in Uganda. However the significant contributors to financial performance include openness and reliability. Openness and Reliability are measures of trust. On the other hand credit risk as a measure of disclosure has a negative relationship with financial performance. It is obvious that trust has a significant impact on financial performance; given that transpar ency and disclosure boosts the trustworthiness of commercial banks. Banks both local and international should enforce full disclosure practices and transparency practices thereby enhancing trust in order to survive in the competitive financial landscape. Introduction The International financial landscape is changing rapidly; economies and financial systems are undergoing traumatic years. Globalization and technology have continuing speed, financial arenas are becoming more open, new products and services are being invented and marketed and regulators everywhere are scrambling to assess the changes and master the turbulence. An international wave of mergers and acquisitions has swept the banking industry as boundaries between financial sectors and products have blurred dramatically. In this brave new world, one fact remains unchanged. The need for countries to have sound resilient banking systems and strong banks with good Corporate Governance then will use competition to strengthen and upgrade their institutions that will survive in an increasingly open environment (Kaheeru, 2001). According to James Wolfensohn former World Bank Group President, Corporate governance is about promoting corporate fairness, transparency and accountability (Financial Times, 1999). Governance is a requisite for survival and a gauge of how predictable the system for doing business in any country is. In developing countries, the importance of governance is to strengthen the foundation of society and chip into the global economy. International standards and guidelines on corporate governance have been established by many multilateral organizations including the OECD and the Basle Committee in the effort to ensure improved legal; institutional and regulatory framework for enhancing corporate governance in institutions such as banks and financial markets (Kibirango, 2002). Specifically, the World Bank has proposed guidelines for good corporate governance in the financial sector, because of the critical role of the sector as the main vehicle for robust economic growth and effective transmission of monetary policy In Uganda, the factors responsible for poor corporate performance especially in banks emanate from lack of transparency, accountability and poor ethical conduct (Kibirango, 1999). Commercial banks failures have been linked to self-inflicted causes resulting from bank owners; ICB(International Credit Bank), GBL(Greenland Bank), and Coop Bank were afflicted with the one-man management syndrome of corporate governance exemplified by Thomas Kato (ICB), Sulaiman Kiggundu (GBL) and USAID (Co-op Bank). There was no separation between senior management and the board of directors in ICB or GBL and that management took little account of depositors interests. The board of ICB consisted of 4 members of the Kato family including a six -year- old child GBL had two boards of directors but neither had a say in the running of the bank for instance ICBs audit report cited connected or insider lending to a tune of UShs. 4 billion In the case of GBL the July 1998 Bank of Uganda (BOU) Audit Report stated that as per30th June 1998, Insider lending stood at Ushs.22, 722 million representing 47 percent of customer deposits and accounting for 5 5 percent of the total loan portfolio yet the maximum amount the bank could lend according to FIS 1993 was Ushs.975 million only. The report also cited that in most cases credit was extended on sole instructions of then Managing Director without any or minimal documentation (BOU, 1999). At the time of removing the Managing director in December 1998, the bank was more illiquid than what the financial statements were showing. Greenland Bank had tried to cover up the shortfall through kiting cheques between them selves and Uganda Commercial Bank and this involved instruments worth about Ushs. 4 billion. At the time of handing over, Kigundu admitted having made huge investments (UShs. 37bn off-Balance Sheet) mostly in related companies without disclosing these in books of the bank. In addition, he had secretly solicited for substantial deposits UShs. 20 billion which were kept off the financial Statements of the bank (BOU, 19, 1999). The B.O.U. closure of the above mentioned banks was intended to awaken the owners, directors and managers of the other commercial banks to institute sound corporate governance principles and foster better financial performance. It is worth highlighting that, insufficient financial disclosure evidenced by high level of off-balance sheet items, lack of transparency resulting from gross mismanagement and dubious accounting actions as observed in cases of ICB, GBL (Yunusu, 2001) and TransAfrica Bank Ltd (B.O.U., 2002) are detrimental to interests of banks stakeholders especially the depositors. The banks capital, asset and earnings values are affected and as a result the financial performance is questionable. This may be due to poor corporate governance. Amazingly, even after the intervention by Bank of Uganda through the closure of at least three commercial Banks in 1999, a number of Commercial Banks in Uganda have continued to register poor financial Performance, for instance, National Bank of Commerce in 2001/2002 reported a loss of 729,000,000/= and the banks liabilities swelled to 5bn/= in year 2002 from Ug. Shs 2.3bn in 2001.Citibanks profits fell from Ug. Shs. 4.1bn. in year 2001 to 2.3bn/= in year 2002 (Aggrey, 2003), Similarly, the Balance sheet position of Stanbic Bank (U) ltd. for year 2001 declined by 14.24 per cent compared with a growth of 19.19 per cent in 2000. Loans and advances, which comprised 32.95 percent of total assets declined by 24.42 percent, and the efficiency ratio deteriorated from 31.65 percent to 35.07 percent (Stanbic Bank Uganda, 2001). The overall aim of this paper is to investigate the link between, financial performance and the Core pillars of corporate governance; transparency, disclosure and trust in commercial banks in Uganda, within International and local Commercial Banks with headquarters in Kampala District, Stanbic Bank, Cairo Bank, Orient Bank and CERUDE Bank were the key focus in this paper. In order to achieve this aim bank annual reports formed a major source of financial data used to gauge financial performance. Financial performance was measured using CAEL Model which was later correlated with corporate governance variable. An Overview of the Key Variables To understand corporate governance and financial performance variables in relation to commercial banks, the major corporate governance pillars i.e. financial transparency, disclosure and trust are dissected. Financial performance especially relating to commercial banks is also reviewed based on the performance dimensions comprising capital adequacy, asset quality, earnings and liquidity. The significance of stakeholders in commercial banks is also highlighted. These are compressed in a conceptual framework Revenue Authority and Bank of Uganda, the expectation of government is that, information from these enterprises should not be biased and misleading. Management has to take into account the stakeholders expectations when they set a strategic direction but this can only be attained through sound corporate governance. Corporate Governance Corporate governance is about building credibility, ensuring transparency and accountability as well as maintaining an effective channel of information disclosure that would foster good corporate performance. It is also about how to build trust and sustain confidence among the various interest groups that make up an organisation. Indeed the outcome of a survey by Mckinsey in collaboration with the World Bank in June 2000 attested to the strong link between corporate governance and stakeholder confidence(Mark, 2000). Given that a study has already been carried out on the extent to which board composition affects team processes (orientation communication feedbacks, coordination, leadership and monitoring), board effectiveness and performance of the selected financial institutions in Uganda (Rosette, 2002), the researcher picked three basic tenets of Corporate Governance; Transparency, Disclosure and Trust in relation to commercial bank financial performance in Uganda, these tenets fall under the accounting field. The constructs/tenets are reviewed in the following sections. Transparency Transparency is integral to corporate governance, higher transparency reduces the information asymmetry between a and bondholders), mitigating the agency problem in corporate governance (Sandeep et al, firms management and financial stakeholders (equity2002). In Uganda lack of transparency is attributed to the closures of commercial banks (Yunusu, 2001). Bank Transparency The concept of Bank transparency is broad in scope it refers to the quality and quantity of public information on a banks risk profile and to the timing of its disclosure, including the banks past and current decisions and actions as well as its plans for the future. The transparency of the banking sector as a whole also includes public information on bank regulations and on safety net operations of the central bank (Enoch et al, 1997 and Rosengren, 1998). Weak transparency makes banks asset risks opaque. Stock market participants including professional analysists such as Moodys encounter difficulties in measuring banks credit worthiness and risk exposures (Poon, Firth, and Fung, 1999, Morgan 1999, and Jordan, Peek, Rosengren, (2000)). Ball (2001) argues that timely incorporation of economic losses in the published financial statements (that is, conservatism) increases the effectiveness of corporate governance, compensation systems, and debt agreements in motivating and monitoring managers. For instance, improved governance can manifest in a reduction of the private benefits that managers can extract from the company or in a reduction of the legal and auditing costs that shareholders must bear to prevent managerial opportunism Governance research in accounting exploits the role of accounting information as a source of credible information variables that support the existence of enforceable contracts, such as compensation contracts with payoffs to managers contingent on realized measures of performance, the monitoring of managers by boards of directors and outside investors and regulators, and the exercise of investor rights granted by existing securities laws. There are a number of issues to consider in this regard. First, the existence of a strong financial accounting regime is likely a precondition for the existence of a vibrant stock market and in its absence the notions of equity-based pay and diffuse ownership of firms become moot (Ball (2001) and Black (2000)) Institutional Variables Used to Measure Corporate transparency comprises. Financial accounting disclosures of major stakeholders, Timeliness of disclosures, Information dissemination and completeness of information. Robert Abbie (2001) concur with BPS especially on institutional transparency, they outline the transparency dimensions as; Completeness of financial information, Release of information, Timeliness, and Means of dissemination. Disclosure Given the recent corporate scandals (US Based; Enron, WorldComà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Heidi and Marleen (2003) and Uganda Based; Greenland Bank Ltd, ICB(Japheth (2001)) restoring public trust is at the top of the agenda of todays business leaders. Greater information provision (disclosure) on the companys capital and control structures can be an important means to achieve this goal. High quality and relevant information is crucial for exercise of governance powers. Full Disclosure seeks to avoid financial statements fraud(Beasley, 1996; Beasley et al, 2000). Prior studies have concentrated on disclosure of items such as management earnings forecasts (Johnson et al, 2001; Lev and Penman1990) or interim earnings (Leftwich and Zimmerman 1981), or have examined a very general disclosure index of financial and/or non financial items (Chow and Wong Borren, 1987). The CIFAR Index (i.e. a disclosure index created by the Center for Intentional Financial Analysis and Research (CIFAR) rates annual reports on the inclusion or omission of about 90 (rather traditional and mandatory financial) items from the following categories; general information, income statements, balance sheet, funds flow statement, accounting standards, stock data and special items (Laporta et al, 1998). Dangers of Voluntary Disclosure The most common arguments against voluntary disclosure from a managerial perspective are fear of giving away sensitive information to competitors and procurement of extra costs for collecting and disclosing the information (Eccles and Mavrinac (1995), Healy and Palepu (1993), Reich and Cylinder (1997).However, it is worth noting that as competition continues to bite, the basket of secret information tends to reduce. Financial Disclosure Financial disclosure, which is a key component of the newly proposed Basel Capital Accord, is reviewed in the following paragraphs. In April 2003, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS, 2003a), headquartered at the Bank for International Settlements in Switzerland, released the new Basel Capital Accord, which replaced the1988 Capital Accord with an attempt to set regulatory capital requirements that are comparable across countries. The purpose of pillar three is to complement the other pillars by presenting an enhanced set of public disclosure requirements focusing on capital adequacy. This pillar is examined in more detail than the first 2 pillars given that disclosure represents one of the key variables in the scope of this study. Details of Pillar Three Pillar Three addresses the issue of improving market discipline through effective public disclosure. Specifically, it presents a set of disclosure requirements that should improve market participants ability to assess banks capital structures, exposures, management processes, and, hence, their overall capital adequacy. The proposed disclosure requirements consist of qualitative and quantitative information in three general areas: corporate structure, capital structure and adequacy, and management. Corporate structure refers to how a banking group is organized; for example, what is the top corporate entity of the group and how are its subsidiaries consolidated for accounting and regulatory purposes. Capital structure corresponds to how much capital is held and in what forms, such as common stock. The disclosure requirements for capital adequacy focus on a summary discussion of the banks approach to assessing its current and future capital adequacy. The Concept of Trust Trust means many things. Everyone knows intuitively what it is to trust; yet articulating a precise definition is not a simple matter (Wayne Megan 2002). Trust is difficult to define because it is so complex, in fact, Hosmer (1995) has observed. There appears to be widespread agreement on the importance of trust in human conduct, but unfortunately there also appears to be an equally widespread lack of agreement on a suitable definition of the construct. Trust is a multifaceted construct, which may have different bases and phases depending on the context; it is also a dynamic construct that can change over the course of a relationship (Wayne and Megan, 2002). Facets of trust There are at least five facets of trust that can be gleaned from the literature on trust (Hoy Tschannen-Moran, 1998; Tschannen-Moran Hoy 2001). Benevolence, reliability competence, honesty and openness are all elements of trust (Wayne Megan 2002). Benevolence perhaps the most common facet of trust is a sense of benevolence confidence that ones well being or something one cares about will be protected and not harmed by the trusted party (Baier, 1986; Butter Cantecell, 1984; Cummings Bramily, 1996; Deutch, 1958 Frost, Stimpson Maughan, 1978; Ganbetta, 1988; Hosner, 1995; Hoy Kupersmith 1985; Mishra 1996). Reliability at its most basic level trust has to do with predictability that is, consistency of behaviour and knowing what to expect from others (Butter Cantrell, 1984; Hosmer1995). In and of itself, however, predictability is insufficient for trust. We can expect a person to be invariably late, consistently malicious, inauthentic, or dishonest when our well-being is diminished or damaged in a predictable way, expectations may be met, but the sense in which we trust the other person or group is weak. Competence: Good intentions are not always enough when a person is dependent on another but some level of skill is involved in fulfilling an expectation an individual who means well may nonetheless not be trusted (Baier 1986; Butter Cantrell, 1984; Mishra, 1996). Competence is the ability to perform as expected and according to standards appropriate to task at hand, many organisational tasks rely on competence. Honesty: Honesty is the persons character, integrity and authenticity Rotte r (1967) defined trust as the expectancy that the word, promise, verbal or written statement of another individual or group can be relied upon. Statements are truthful when they confirm to what really happened from that perspective and when commitments made about future actions are kept. A correspondence between a persons statements and deeds demonstrates integrity. Openness: Openness is the extent to which relevant information is shared; it is process by which individuals make themselves vulnerable to others. The information shared may be strictly about organisational matters or it may be personal information, but it is a giving of oneself (Butter Cantrell, 1984, Mishra, 1996) such openness signals reciprocal trust a confidence that neither the information nor the individual will be exploited and recipients can feel the same confidence in return. Individuals who are unwilling to extend trust through openness end up isolated (Kramer, Brewer Hanna, 1996). In Uganda, as in many oth er countries, there is a rooted distrust in most of the public sector Shleifer, and Vishny, (1993) this may also be the case for the private sector in which the commercial banks fall. Macro-Economic Variable Macro-economic variables through factors such as inflation and changes in interest rates may either enhance or distress commercial banks financial performance. Cordella levy Yeyati (1998a) point out that if the shocks of the economy are wide and banks cannot control their asset portfolio risks, then full transparency of banks risk positions may destabilize the banking system. A countrys macro economic environment may also affect transparency levels therefore it becomes difficult to relate to financial performance of commercial Banks. Consider Uganda where the economy is shaped by a number of straining factors like unemployment, 38% of entire population under the poverty line. Such factors have a serious impact on the behaviour of potential account holders or even those who operate accounts. This means that even if there is proper transparency, full disclosure and trust in the banking industry, the above challenges may negatively affect financial performance in Uganda. In this paper, these together with other social, political and technological factors are assumed invariable. Relationship of Transparency, Disclosure, Trust and Financial Performance Transparency, disclosure and trust, which constitute the integral part of corporate governance, can provide pressure for improved financial performance. Financial performance, present and prospective is a benchmark for investment. The Mckinsey Quarterly surveys suggest that institutional investors will pay as much as 28% more for the shares of well governed companies in emerging markets (Mark, 2000). According to the corporate governance survey 2002, carried out by the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange and accounting firm Price Water House Coopers (PWC), the majority of investors in Malaysia are prepared to pay 20% premium for companies with superior corporate governance practices. Financial Performance and financial institutions Financial soundness is a situation where depositors funds are safe in a stable banking system. The financial soundness of a financial institution may be strong or unsatisfactory varying from one bank to another (BOU, 2002). External factors such as deregulation; lack of information among bank customers; homogeneity of the bank business, connections among banks do cause bank failure. Some useful measures of financial performance which is the alternative term as financial soundness are coined into what is referred to as CAMEL. The acronym CAMEL refers to the five components of a banks condition that are assessed: Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, and Liquidity. A sixth component, a banks Sensitivity to market risk, was added in 1997; hence the acronym was changed to CAMELS. (Note that the bulk of the academic literature is based on pre -1997 data and is thus based on CAMEL ratings.) Ratings are assigned for each component in addition to the overall rating of a bank s financial condition (Jose, 1999). The ratings are assigned on a scale from 1 to 5. Capital Adequacy: This ultimately determines how well financial institutions can cope with shocks to their balance sheets. The bank monitors the adequacy of its capital using ratios established by The Bank for International Settlements. Capital adequacy in commercial banks is measured in relation to the relative risk weights assigned to the different category of assets held both on and off the balance sheet items (Bank of Uganda, 2002). Asset Quality: The solvency of financial institutions typically is at risk when their assets become impaired, so it is important to monitor indicators of the quality of their assets in terms of overexposure to specific risks trends in non- performing loans, and the health and profitability of bank borrowers especially the corporate sector. Credit risk is inherent in lending, which is the major banking business. It arises when a borrower defaults on the loan repayment agreement. A financial institution whose borrowers default on their repayments may face cash flow problems, which eventually affect its liquidity position. Ultimately, this negatively impacts on the profitability and capital through extra specific provisions for bad debts (Bank of Uganda, 2002). Earnings: The continued viability of a bank depends on its ability to earn an adequate return on its assets and capital. Good earnings performance enables a bank to fund its expansion, remain competitive in the market and replenish and /or increase its capital(Bank of Uganda, 2002). A number of authors have agued that, banks that must survive need: Higher Return on Assets (ROA)., better return on net worth/Equity (ROE), sound capital base i.e. the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), adoption of corporate governance ensuring transparency to stakeholders that is equity holders, regulators and the public. Liquidity: Initially solvent financial institutions may be driven toward closure by poor manage ment of short-term liquidity. Indicators should cover funding sources and capture large maturity mismatches. An unmatched position potentially enhances profitability but also increases the risk of losses (The Ugandan Banker, June 2001). The M represents Management, given that this paper is hinged on financial performance, the management component in not considered in the measure. Generally, literature on corporate governance comprises attributes such as financial transparency, disclosure and trust among others and it is revealed that financial transparency and disclosure enhance trust between the stakeholders and organisations like commercial banks. Capital Adequacy, Earnings and Liquidity are the key dimensions of measuring financial performance in Commercial Banks. In summary, this literature forms an underpinning for the establishment of the association between corporate governance and financial performance. Methodology This study was conducted as a cross sectional and correlational investigation. Given that the key focus was to investigate the relationship between Corporate governance and financial performance. The managers of commercial banks in Uganda may be ensuing the arguments of Eccles Mavrinac (1995), Healy Palepu (1995), and Reich Cylinder (1997) whose studies make a note that voluntary disclosure of information for instance on Total capital bases Tier 1 2 capital, and preference shares may directly give away sensitive information to competitors and the disclosure process itself may lead to extra bank operating costs. Analysis Level of Trust in Commercial Banks On average the Commercial banks are not open to their clients on matters concerning the banks the majority indicated that manages do not tell them what is really going on in the bank; over 62 % were not sure and affirmed this statement. The lack of openness in these commercial banks may raise distrust as noted by Beatty Cantrell (1984), and Mishra (1996) who note that openness signals reciprocal trust a confidence that neither the information nor the individual will be exploited and recipients can feel the same confidence. Many authors conclude that reliability implies a sense of confidence. From URA, it was shown that the commercial banks are open to URA officials about what is going on in the bank (62.5%), it was also found out indicated that the commercial banks are competent in doing their work. The majority of URA officials also indicated that commercial banks are honest to URA and it is also indicated that commercial banks are reliable to URA , Overall analysis from the findings institutes a piece of evidence that URA trusts commercial banks activities. Level of Financial Performance in Commercial Banks As noted earlier, financial performance was considered the dependent variable in this paper, before correlating it with governance variables its magnitude within the commercial banks was ascertained. Secondary data especially from respective commercial banks annual-reports (from 2000 to 2003) were used to extract the summary of the banks financial performance Based on Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Earnings and Liquidity as recommended by BOU for measuring Financial Performance (BOU 2002). Capital adequacy, which is measured by CK/RWAs ratio(Core Capital / Risk Weighted Assets), in most banks was above the central banks, required level of 12%. Asset Quality, which was measured by NPA/ Total advances and Specific Provisions, also indicated that most banks were above the FIS (1993) requirement of 25%. Earnings, which are measured by ROE and ROA ratios, indicated that some banks earnings performance was below zero for instance Bank R. Some other banks indicated a steady movement upwards especially on their ROA Ratios. Liquidity which is measured by Liquidity Assets/Total Deposits and Total Advances/Total Deposits ratios, indicated that in the overall commercial banks were highly liquid over the trend 2000 to 2003,for instance for bank Z the Liquidity Assets/Total Deposits ratios were 119%, 140%, 112 % and 129% respectively, this implied a weakness in the financial performance of commercial banks. Relationship between Corporate Governance and Financial Performance in Commercial Banks. It was disclosed that all the dimensions of financial transparency, Disclosure and trust had positive relationships with most of the financial performance dimensions in commercial banks in Uganda. For instance capital adequacy, earnings, assets quality highly showed positive correlations with openness competence honestly and kindness. This is also in agreement with the McKinsey quarterly Survey Mark (2000) and the Corporate Governance Survey (2000) by the Kuala Lumpar Stock Exchange and accounting firm PWC that noted that there is a link between corporate governance and financial Performance due to the investors willingness to inject more funds in a wellgoverned firm. The extent to which corporate governance influences Financial Performance Regression analysis was used to find the influence of the independent variable Corporate Governance (financial transparency, disclosure and trust) on the dependent variables financial performance (capital adequacy, asset quality, earnings and li quidity). An analysis of Variance was produced reflecting the variables corporate Governance and financial performance. Results indicated that Corporate Governance (Transparency, Trust and Disclosure) predicts 34.5 % of the variance in the general financial performance of Commercial banks in Uganda. The significant contributors to financial performance were openness and reliability. Openness and Reliability all these are measures of trust. On the other hand, credit risk as a measure of disclosure had negative relationship with financial performance, this is in harmony with extant finance literature which highlights that, it is probable that when risky lending increases the payback declines. This in turn negatively affects commercial banks earnings. Conclusion and Recommendations Disclosure whose strongest dimension was ascertained as Credit Risk in this paper is in agreement with the New Basel Capital Accord (2003) and Lopez (2001). On the side of Trust; reliability, openness and honesty came out to be the strongest dimensions to gauge trust in commercial Banks this is in conformity with the study undertaken by Butter Cantrell (1984); and Wayne Megan (2002).Whereas completeness came out as the significant dimension when measuring financial transparency. Recommendations based on the above finds include: Given that the corporate governance can influence over 34% of the financial performance of banks, commercial banks need to adopt and strengthen the corporate governance principles especially on dimensions of timeliness in delivering the financial reports to Bank of Uganda and presenting the details of Loan Advances This means that issues regarding transparency where timeliness and completeness fall should not be underestimated by such banks. After the Commer cial Banks have established mechanisms to enforce proper governance practices such as financial disclosure and transparency. They will automatically build a bond of trust with their numerous stakeholders including customers, society, and government among others. Some of these stakeholders especially customers will in turn invest their funds in these banks. For instance, they buy shares when the respective commercial bank is listed both on the local capital market like Uganda Stock Exchange (USE) or on international Capital Markets like The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or any other capital market. Commercial Banks operating in Uganda, like any form of business organisation, in todays dynamic financial landscape should focus on proper Governance Practices and Principles not only to boost and enhance their financial performances but as path to gaining a better publ

mood, substance, and personality disorders Essay -- essays research pa

Mood, Substance, and Personality Disorders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you know a person that has sudden mood swings? Do you wonder why they act like they do? Their actions could be a result of a type of mood disorder. Mood disorders are part of the Axis One disorders that are found in the DSM IV. Axis One is all categories of disorders except for personality disorders. People who have mood disorders are diagnosed to have a pattern of severe depressive and manic episodes. One major mood disorder that will be discussed is bipolar disorder. People who are bipolar tend to have episodes of both mania and depression, sometime by themselves or sometimes mixed. Some of the symptoms are a very active social life, rapid speech, racing thoughts, lack of sleep and no concern about losing sleep, false belief of having special talents, and the inability to keep one’s attention focused. Bipolar is equally as common in men and in women. However, depressive episodes are more common for women with the disorder than for men. Because of the seriousness of this disorder it is important that it is professionally treated. If the disorder is not treated or if treatment is discontinued, a person can become impaired or extremely symptomatic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Gere plays the main character in the movie Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones is a character that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder or as a manic-depressive. The movie begins in one of Jones’ highs or manic episode. He is a child in an adult’s body; he feels invincible, like he can do anything. The first episode that sends him into the mental hospital is when he walks out on a high beam at a construction site thinking that he can fly. His second episode is at a symphony concert; he jumps on stage and tries to lead the orchestra, feeling he could do a better job then the conductor. His doctor, Dr. Elizabeth Brown, diagnosed Jones with bipolar disorder because he has impaired judgment, he is highly agitated, he has rapid speech, and audio hallucinations. He is unable to fell pleasure, and he has major mood swings. When he was in the hospital he was depressed most of the time; he missed his highs because they were fun. When he had his downs they tended to be destructive; he overreacted when he did not get his way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie seemed to be very accurate to what we learned in class an... ...ves. The movie Girl Interrupted is a true story about a young woman who was put into a mental institute and diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Winona Ryder plays Susanna, who was just a girl who had a hard time telling the difference between dreams and reality. She was put into the hospital because she tried to commit suicide by taking a bottle of aspirin and drinking a bottle of vodka at the same time. When Susanna first got to the hospital, she did not feel that she needed to be there. However, she did agree that she was depressed and needed to rest. She also had a hard time developing healthy relationships and could not distinguish an identity for herself. During the time before she realized she had a problem she had flashbacks of the moments that may have led to her disorder. Because she wanted to get out of the hospital, she began to tell her doctors every thought she had. By doing this she cured herself. Susanna finally knew what she wanted to do and who she wanted to b e. Overall this movie did an awesome job of depicting all the disorders in the movie as well as borderline personality disorder. This movie is one of my favorites; I would recommend it to anyone.

Mrsa

Staphylococcus erasures is a coagulate positive bacterium, and is among those that are dangerous unman pathogen because it has the ability to both be extremely virulent and its ability to develop antibiotic resistance, (Beers, 1442). This leads to the explanation of Nonmetallic-Resistant Staphylococcus erasures. The particular pathogen is cross-resistant to all Beta-lactates, Including all penicillin and cosponsoring (Beers, 229). As of late there have been two different way that MRS. has been classified.The first CA-MRS., Is community acquired MRS., and HA-MRS. healthcare acquired MRS. (Gregory, 230). Both cause skin and soft tissue Infections, which Include abscess, furnaces, and bolls. Most patients do not even notice the site t first claiming they thought it was a spider bite and leave it untreated for an extended length of time (Gregory, 232). Transmission of the bacteria occurs through close contact with someone who is already infected with the organism (Gregory, 233).Surprisin gly the organism can be found in the nose and skin of 20-30% of healthy adults, according to The Merck Research Laboratories (Broker, 873). According to the CDC, 85% of all invasive MRS. infections are associated with hospital stays. However many hospitals are trying to combat the extremely high communicable rate at which this â€Å"Super Bug† is breading, with the use of â€Å"Contact Precautions† (Gregory, 244). Identification of an Infection occurs wealth 48-72 hours of a culture (Gregory, 239).After a patient Is determined to have MRS., each visitor, nurse, doctor etc. That enters that patients room must wear a disposable gown and gloves, and then must take of these items before exiting the room. Hospitals hope that this will limit the spread of MRS. among its patients. So far there are have been two types of antibiotic that will treat or kill MRS.. Vaccines has been shown to kill the organism, while Thermopile- collateralizes inhibits its ability to multiply (Brok er, 874).

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Romeo and Juliet Paper Romeo and Juliet Paper Good morning Ms Spillane and fellow classmates. Act 1 scene 5 sees Tybalt furious about Romeo, Benvolio, and Mercutio being able to stay at the Capulets ball. Today through an interior monologue I will give you a better understanding of the thoughts going through Tybalts mind after the ball. I will explore Tybalts personality in the process. How dare that filthy Montague dance with fare Juliet. If he thinks he can just stroll in here and dance with a Capulet then hes asking for trouble. She fell right into dirty arms; tomorrow she will just be another one of Romeos girl. How could a Montague ever be a guest of ours? How could someone of such low caliber be allowed to join us Capulets. I have been brought up all my life to hate Montagues, yet Master Capulet allows that dirty scum into the house. To be a real man in this world you have to show honour. Allowing dirty Montagues into our house shows not honour, but dishonor. That family wouldnt be hated so much if they hadnt have kill ed my father. An innocent man he was, fighting for his freedom, the pain that comes to mind when I think of the topic is unbearable. I will fight for the respect that I show towards my father. I will live my life in the way my father would have wanted me to. He was my role model and the Montagues tortured an innocent man, he didnt kill Master Montague, yet my father was put to death. I will fight till death. This has been the worst night of my life, being in the presence of such trash. How could Capulet let not only intruders, but Montagues into our household? How dare he dishonor the Capulet name? Is the great Capulet going to listen to the Prince? Is he going to end the Great War? The feud will go on between us and Im going to make sure it does. I could have killed Romeo there and then tonight. I could have killed a Montague. I would have brought great pride to the Capulet name. I can see the headlines around the papers now Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet Essay I think the main turning point in this scene is Romeo reading the letter (invitation) from the illiterate servant, Shakespeare makes this scene fit perfectly in the play by getting the party in where Romeo and Juliet first meet. The thing that stimulates Romeo to attend the party is the invitation, which had Rosalines name on it. Earlier Romeo was talking about her with Benvolio and said that he was madly in love with her. Not mad, but bound more then a madman is (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 50 -55).Capulet and Paris are in the middle of a conversation, Capulet says that he and Montague had become old and should stop the ongoing family rivalry. Paris asks for Juliets hand in marriage. Capulet indirectly approves the proposal but asks for two summers (two years) to pass because Juliet is still young. My child is still a stranger to the world, she hath not seen the change of fourteen years (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 5 -10).In lines 32 33 Capulet gives similar advice that Benvolio gave to Romeo, h e asks Paris to look at other lades and compare them with Juliet. Capulet shows that he is a very loving father who is concerned about Juliets future and well being (letting her chose who she marries) but we see a very different approach later in the play. In this scene Capulet express more love for Juliet when he states, Earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 10 -15). This might mean that Capulet had other children that had died.After reading the letter and the strong urge from Benvolio, Romeo decides to go to the party (in the next scene). Different events unfold step by step, some of which are predictable while others come as an extensive surprise. The audience get an ounce of an idea that Romeo is going to meet Juliet at the party.The feeling of risks, guilt and suspense begins to creep in this scene; there was a street fight at the beginning of the play, but that was quite ordinary due to the ongoing family feud. This scene changes the whole plot of th e story because if Romeo had never read the invitation then he wouldnt have attended the party. The heart of the drama is the conflict between the two families and the love between Romeo and Juliet.Both Romeo and Juliet have to conquer a mental war; desire versus responsibility. For Romeo who is an adventurous and emotional young man, who is also quite immature at the beginning of the play, his desire overcame his responsibility. He is vastly unpredictable because at the beginning of the play it seems that he is madly in love with Rosaline and he wont give her up, but later we find out that he looses all his feelings towards her when he meets Juliet. I think he was quite irresponsible when he didnt have a second thought towards Juliet, he should have thought about all the complications and the consequence. Later in the play Romeo takes some responsibility when he tried to make peace with Tybalt. He took great risks and truly loved Juliet. He is also quite emotional, and a little bit softhearted looking for the easy way out when he thought he lost Juliet.Likewise Juliet who is very young (less then fourteen years) is a very obedient and conventional upper class daughter and is loyal to the father. When she falls in love with Romeo she dramatically changes. She begins to show a very practical side to her character and proves to be very determined and independent minded. She is intelligent and perceptive, possibly more so then Romeo. She is utterly loyal to Romeo and defies the whole world for him. She easily could have chose Paris was a gentleman but stayed loyal. She is prepared to risk taking a very dangerous drug to fake her death so that she could be with Romeo. She accepts death willingly when fate had turned against both of them at the end.This scene creates the whole plot and storyline in the play. The scene also creates many problems and opens a path for further things to come. For example the indirect approval of Paris offer to marry Juliet creates a ma ssive problem for Romeo, Juliet and especially Friar Lawrence. The party hosted by Capulet is where Romeo and Juliet met.In the earlier scene Romeo was expressing his love for Rosaline, which was the sheer reason of him attending the party. In the next scene when he attends the party, he briefly meets Juliet and each of them learn of each others love and identity.Id say there are three main parts in this scene:; The conversation between Capulet and Paris; When the servant is wondering what to do with the letter; When Benvolio and Romeo are talking to each otherHowever it is possible to break these scenes down to smaller parts.At the beginning of the scene Capulet admits that he is willing to keep peace. For men so old as we to keep the peace (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 1-5).Capulet and Paris enter in the middle of a conversation where they were discussing the peace. After some time in the conversation Paris starts to flatter Capulet with his speech and asks for Juliets hand in marriage. B ut now my lord what do you say to my suit (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 5 -10).Capulet replies by saying that Juliet is too young to get married and still is a stranger to this world; he is also replying Paris for the second time. But saying oer what I have said before (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 10 -15).After getting an indirect acceptance of his proposal from Capulet, Paris still requests that the time is right. Younger then she are happier mothers made (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 5 -10).Capulet still believes that Juliet is too young to get married and renews his thoughts to Paris. Capulet invites Paris to a feast saying that there will be many attractive women and he should compare them to Juliet. Paris is very keen to marry Juliet and on the other hand Juliet is totally against the idea (after meeting Romeo). She is not willing to exchange Romeo for Paris who is a well-respected Gentleman.I think Juliet is too young to even think about getting married. Although in the olden days girls probably use d to get married younger; thirteen years is far too young to make the kind of decisions she made. She took many risks and followed her heart. At this age, one would assume she would give up one passion (Romeo) for another (Paris) but she didnt. Before here meeting with Romeo she seemed to be a very obedient daughter, but later all this changed dramatically.Capulet suggests that old men are better to keep the peace than young men and better to keep their tempers then young men. And in act this proves to be largely true. It is young men who lose their tempers and get involved in stupid fights. However it is also true that Capulet and lady Capulet show them selves of keeping their tempers with Juliet.Shakesphire shows the issue of behaving moderately more concerned with old people who can behave responsibly, where as young people are to challengeable and passionate.Friar Lawrence is constantly arguing immoderate passions but without success.In Romeo and Juliet the parents dont come out as responsible people, especially Juliets parents, who are more concerned with social success, prestigious marriage for their daughter, then they are in making them happy. At the beginning of the scene it seems that Capulet is a very carrying and considerate father who will let Juliet decide who she will marry, but we find out differently later in the play. I think Juliet has the right to decide whom she gets married to. Capulet tells Paris that his agreement will only be a part of the decision for Paris to marry Juliet, and that Juliet will have to also agree.Capulet plays a larger role then Montague in the play. He is shown to be very understanding but as a matter of fact is quite aggressive, especially towards Juliet near the end of the play.The characters that participate in this scene are Capulet, an unpredictable father; Paris, a smart gentleman who wants Juliets hand in marriage; Capulets servant who is illiterate and not very cleaver (he muddles his words up); Romeo, an adv entures young man and Benvolio his friend.I think the impression we got from this scene was misleading because Capulet is shown to be calm and considerate but we learn otherwise and Romeo seem to be very irresponsible and quite straight forward but isnt.The characters that are at the heart of the scene are Capulet, Paris and Romeo. Capulet and Paris do most of the gossip while Romeo shares his feelings with Benvolio. The servant played quite an important role because if Romeo didnt read the invitations then the story could not have proceeded.Although Juliet does not participate in this scene she is greatly the main subject of speech between Capulet and Paris. When we discover that Romeo is going to attend the party we have a suspicion that Romeo will meet Juliet.I think every main character is affected by the events of this scene.Romeo Door opens to meet Juliet, gets banished and commits suicide.Juliet Door opens to meet Romeo, rejects proposal from Paris and commits suicide.Capul et looses loyalty from his daughter, gets aggressive, makes peace with Montague.Montague Looses his son and makes peace with Capulet.Tybalt Fights with Romeo and gets killed.Paris doesnt marry Juliet and gets killed.Friar Lawrence gives drug to Juliet, explained what happened.There are not many arguments in this scene; Paris is flattering Capulet in order to gain approval of his proposal to Juliet. Romeo and Benvolio are talking to each other like normal friends.This scene shows that Romeo is a normal young man who is madly in love, he uses many metaphors in his speech such as, Not mad, but bound more than a madman is (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 50 -55). Romeo is quite adventures and not as hard hearted as most of the characters. Romeo is shown to be a very irresponsible person but that dramatically changes in the play. We learn just how much he loves Rosaline, even though we learn later that his love for Rosaline is very shallow. This can cause a doubt over the extant of Romeos love for Juliet, but I think his love for Juliet is as deep as he claims it to be because he dies for her at the end.Some conflicts can be resolved. When Romeo refused to fight Tybalt he thought he had a solution to the problem, he accepted looking like a coward. However his solution didnt work; instead he later ended up killing Tybalt due to the fact that Tybalt killed his friend Mercutio.An underlying problem, Romeo and Juliet are trying to live in an idealistic way in a society, which is not idealistic at all. They are practicing love in a society, which is full of hate. They are Romantic in a cynical society, which is focused on wealth and sex.We get to know the characters by their speech, especially Paris. Paris is shown to be a smart person who is very intelligent and persuasive. However unlike Paris, Romeo is shown to be a person who is not concerned in worldly matters except love. His metaphors are not connected with each other. Benvolio is a good friend to Romeo who gives him a dvice; he also cares for his well-being.Romeo talks in contradictions, for example when discussing love with Benvolio he says, not mad, but bound more then a madman is: shut up in prison, kept without my food, whipped and tormented. (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 50 -55).The image of stars; Capulet talks about stars walking the earth, what he means is that women walking around as beautiful stars. Shakesphire uses the image of stars quite often. Later, when Romeo is desperate thinking Juliet has died, he defies the stars, but this time the stars mean something quite different. When he is defying the stars, he is defying the heavens, which in those days was thought of as the place where God lived, and so he is really defying God.Capulet uses some figures of speeches, which are rather typical of shakesphires writing when he makes comments about all his other children that are dead and have been buried.In Act 1 Scene 1 the immediate thing that happened leading up to the scene was Romeo and Benvo lio talking about Romeos love. This scene (Act 1 Scene 2) sets up the whole storyline in the play and makes other events unfold in due time (e.g. the party).I think Juliets Parents are trying to do what they think is best for her. If there had not been a family conflict then they would possibly have had no problem with Juliet meeting Romeo; except maybe for the issue of age. Juliet is motivated and very determined to follow her inexperienced heart.I conclude by saying that this scene is one of the most important scene in the play. It changes the whole flow of the story changing everything, creating dilemmas and causing characters to take desperate risks. Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet Essay romeo and juliet is adapted from the play written by Shakespeare, it is about two rivaling families, the Capulets and the Montagues, they have been feuding for generations, one day the daughter of Capulet and the son of Montague meet and fall in love at first sight. However forced to keep their love a secret many bad things happen to them eventually resorting in untimely death and despair for both families. Baz Luhrmann wanted his film to reflect the play almost exactly and used clever mise en scene to do so. The mise en scene at the beginning of the party sequence reveals Capulet mansion lit up then it cuts to Romeo his mask is being placed upon his face, his disguise, inside the mansion the music begins and lots of dancing starts to happen at which point it shows Romeo spinning. This is to let us know that Romeo is on drugs, in the previous scene he had taken a drug given to him by Mercutio, all around him things are moving in slow motion the scene then quickly turns manic this is evident by everyone moving faster than normal which is mirrored through camera movement and the type of music playing. The camera then focuses on Mercutio singing and having a good time being the center of attention. Mise en scene here is really playing with the viewer by showing Mercutio as the center of attention and getting the viewer to be inside the mind of Romeo and his life being friends with someone like Mercutio so we can relate to him. The director uses this upbeat music and dancing to emphasize the atmosphere in the Capulet mansion. Everyone is having a good time getting drunk and dancing, while Romeo is starting to feel out of place and trying to find a way out, this is shown by the hand held camera suddenly starting to dart around. All the sounds are significantly louder and sharper than usual because Romeo is high and his senses are very acute so he can here every little thing. You notice that in this scene the camera cuts from Romeo to Mercutio to Capulet to Tybalt, it doesnt focus on one person, which again helps us know how Romeo might be feeling. At the very beginning you do get the feeling of Romeo being very intimidated by all the people around him, this lets us know that he probably hasnt taken drugs like that before. The way that the camera starts to circle Romeo shows that he is slowly becoming almost unconscious and the scene moves cleverly on as if the changing of the location is also the change happening in Romeos mind. The costume he wears adds to the mise en scene his armour represents his role in the film, he is the knight who saves Juliet who is in the form of an angel, thats how everyone sees her. Capulet is a god because he rules over the mansion and his wife is Cleopatra who was the Queen of Egypt but here is the queen of the mansion. Later on we see him with his head in the water, we see him take off his mask and throws it in the basin. This might suggest that his fake identity has fallen another form of mirroring. When the mask comes off the music then starts to slowly play, the music is slow to suggest a romantic moment is about to happen, the director is playing with our emotions here. He knows what is going to happen next so he is giving us a clue, and keeping us on the edge of our seats constantly. The music soothes Romeo as he takes in everything around him everyone else also becomes still and quiet taking in the beauty of the song. It also reflects the mood of Romeo he is quite sultry and so the music is added to compliment this, it is a score about that first moment kissing someone, this is key to the sequence as later on we see Romeo and Juliet kissing in the elevator. It is a very obvious contrast to the previous music. Before he moves away from the sink the camera cuts to a point of view shot of him looking around, this could suggest that someone is watching him. He then walks towards the fish tank and the camera or person is tracking him as again we watch him from behind, this time though he spots what ever is watching him and turns around to face Juliet. This really adds to the mood of the scene, as it is quite a romantic moment as they both follow each others eyes, flirting, the tank clearly being a symbol of the barrier between their love. The fish also could represent a different world that they are both in. The camera movement is very slow here so as not to distract us from what is clearly emerging between them. Its almost as if the camera is our eyes following their every move like a spy, the camera mirrors Romeos movements. Then there is a long romantic scene where Romeo and Juliet use a lot of eye contact in their flirting and the camera doesnt move too much except it cuts to Romeo and Juliet separately to see each others reaction but while you see one reaction you see the other through the fish tank. Which is nice and simple but very effective because its almost as if there already, she can look but she cant touch and its the same with him. Its all interrupted when the nurse comes in and all of a sudden the camera focuses on Juliet being taken away by the nurse by jumping from focusing on Romeo chasing Juliet to the nurse dragging Juliet away. This is very clever because it takes us out of our romantic trance and back to the real world where we know that Romeo and Juliet cannot be together. When the nurse and Juliet are rushing back to the party Romeo rushes after them. This is reflected in the camera movement as it has gone from moving slowly and smoothly to rough and fast. Neither the camera nor the characters stop moving till Juliet is forced to dance with Paris. Her mother who is the one forcing her to dance is now pleased that she has gained some control over her daughter. Paris is wearing an astronaughts costume this could quite easily suggest that he thinks very highly of himself. When they start dancing the camera becomes still again and the music lowers back down, this is so we can focus on the couple dancing, we know that Juliet is not interested in Paris which makes this shot even more interesting. This scene has the potential to be romantic but is deliberately interrupted by Mercutio insisting that Romeo leaves.

The role of tradition in shaping the personality essay

The role of tradition in shaping the personality essay The role of tradition in shaping the personality essay The role of tradition in shaping the personality essayMany adults become upset when young people break with traditions of the past. Do you think that these adults are justified in reacting this way? Why or why not? Support your position with evidence from your own experience or the experiences of people you know.It is common knowledge that each nation, each ethnic group, and each family has its own traditions and customs. Obviously, traditions and customs are important as they unite generations through time. What is more, they unite people who are far away from each other, but share the same values and the same memory. Today, however, it is rather difficult to make youth keep to the traditions of their ancestors. The rest of the society may really worry because their spiritual heritage is nevermore valued and passed to the next generations. Certain rituals and ceremonies, memorial dates and events are of great importance for them, and they wish their children as well as grandchildren respect those traditions.Those who pay great attention to traditions are right because it is their history, and knowing and respecting history is a precondition for better future. Still, young people can be justified as well. On the one hand, it is not difficult to congratulate the nearest and dearest by means of a greeting card or to visit your parents on holidays. On the other hand, in today fast-moving world there is often no time left for sentiments. Business and other activities rapidly devour young people, and while growing, young people work out their own prerogatives, which often come into the conflict with those of adults.For example, there is a well-known tradition to celebrate a wedding in a certain way, according to your culture. Today, more and more people prefer to break this tradition for a number of reasons. Some of them prefer civil marriage and never marry at all. For them, the traditions of the past are just a prejudice. Nevertheless, it is necessary to admit tha t traditions are significant in building up your identity wherever you are.

Psyc 410 essays Essays - American Psychological Association

Psyc 410 essays Essays - American Psychological Association You may write a 1,000-2,000 word book review on one of the books listed above (model: PsycCRITIQUES [see psychINFO]); examples, a guide to writing book reviews, and two brief good-writing guides are available at the Bb site. It will be worth 30 points (1 Test). If you write a book review AND take all 5 tests, I will throw out the lowest of the 6 scores. March Distinguish positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Distinguish the 3 forms of behaviorism. Phiscyoligiacal -padlock The purpose is to explain human Response , learning history, and reinforcements Methodlogical- It is something that scienece can not study and other peoples minds are private so you cant study their thoughts Radical behavior- skinner To exclude consiouness from psychology is a mistake that it should be included not just what you see Cognitive vs. non-cognitive theory Similarity and contiguity as laws of association Always automatic once they are associated The Blank Slate Not having any pre expose behaior Expose by herbet spencer he created this Which means evolution, where humans have the highest evolution. The bigger the brain the more the ideas The various patterns of temporal relation between CS and US If the condition stimulus is present from us stimulus it can then work the best Time can act as a condition stimulus as well Generalization and discrimination That the dog still answer to a type of tone as long as it is similar discrimination- when its completely different, if present a different stimulus they would present different shapes elipse and dog would learn to discrimante against if not presented with an award (reinformecment) Conditioning of excitation and inhibition Inhibition - goes to extinction when they thought the behavior was un learned by actually the dog di Conditioned emotional reaction Loud noise is associated with fear, kid and rat- see generalization, saw rabit scared too Law of Effect If you get a postive response they are more likey to do it again Pg 75 "Autonomous man" as attacked by Skinner sperates man from animal, with emtion, concepts and judements. He agrued against the theory. Shaping The graduall renforicemtn of an uncondition turing into condition Discriminated operant Pg 119 Partial reinforcement effect Pg 122 animals take longer to learn Tact, including self-tact and private tact Skinner concept Made up word he use for concept or idea for if you come in contact You absube what somebody is doing with their enviorment Self- we ask our self what we are doing, most people didn't like this concept Superstitious behavior Experiment done Pg 77 Hearst Skinner study it, but h. said Pigeon in a chamber- associated with reward Preparedness Cancer patient When they saw the nurse and doctor or the medication they became nauseous Animals do not associate sounds, its more taste Learned helplessness Pg 85 Criticize the traditional distinction of the 2 types of conditioning. Operant - skinner and thorndike 4.What did Thorndike mean when he said that reward "stamps in" an S-R connection? pg104 part of law and effect- without reward there is no 5.Be able to describe each major behavioral theorist's views on each of the basic issues about the nature and cause of learning. 6.Why did Skinner regard concepts such as " superego" or "habit strength" unnecessary in science? Because he is a behaviorist He believes that you cant prove it Pg 126 Habit strength- how long the response has been learned 7.What were Skinner's criticisms of existing methods in studying learning? Pg 124-125 8.How did Kohler and Voeks criticize claims that learning was a gradual process? Pg 78 He has worked with apes and found problem. Put a box in the room an apes would climb up and get banana and did this by insight 9.Distinguish positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. 10.Contrast the stimulus substitution and cognitive theories of Pavlovian conditioning. Dogs would still come if not meat just by ring of the bell 11.How does Siegel explain drug addiction as a form of Pavlovian conditioning? Pg 91 12.What was the political appeal of the Blank Slate idea?Why are fears of refuting the Blank Slate idea misplaced? The video on sylabus- theory said that it supports the idea that you can create a good Appeal it because There would be no idenetiy and you cant change 13.How does Pinker link decline in elite art to the rise of belief in the Blank Slate idea? Pg 78 14. Define and give examples of the continuity and discontinuity views of learning. 15.Describe E.R. Guthrie's position on learning and how he believed tasks were learned, using an example. 16. Describe the two theories used to explain partial reinforcement and name

The American Experience Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The American Experience - Term Paper Example Thus, there were some forms in the eighteenth-century writing that did not conform to the general notions about genres and other forms. There were many interesting themes which could be found in the text of Letters from an American Farmer. The features included the nature of an American character such as their work ethic, the duties of an individual, anti-intellectualism, the farmer seen as a prototype representing the American character, the treatment of the slaves, the way of viewing new immigrants together with their ethnicity, literary resonances that showed the escape from the civilization as in Letter XII and stereotypical nature of the American characters. The Letter was divided into twelve sections that depict the way American soil, its life, slavery, and culture was perceived by Crevec?ur. He was probably the first writer who described Europeans by employing different American English terms. He emphasized the life seen on the American frontier and tried to explore the idea b ehind the so-called American Dream. In his writings, he portrayed American society to be characterized by the principles stressing on the equal opportunity as well as self-determination. His work was successful in providing a lot of useful information together with an understanding of the presumed "New World" which helped in creating utopian American identity (Crevecoeur xi). This was done for the prevailing European minds by describing the area as an entire country and not just another regional colony. The writing in The Letters celebrated the American ingenuity and its uncomplicated lifestyle. It was written to describe the inclusion and the acceptance of religious dynamics in a society that was created from several varieties of ethnic as well as cultural backgrounds. The letters that were written by him depicted the rural life of America. He introduced the cultivation of several European crops, notably the alfalfa, in the American country and the American potato in Normandy. He t ried to understand America from the purview of a farmer. He tried to find the answer to the question what actually consisted of American, this new American man. â€Å"He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds† (Crevecoeur 54). â€Å"The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must, therefore, entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. --This is an American† (Crevecoeur 56) Literary analysis Crevecoeur in his letters portrayed his love for nature from the perspective of a farmer. His respect towards nature and his compassion towards all living beings are obvious and is the principal backdrop of all his letters. Crevecoeur feels that man and natur e are interlinked, and without the right balance in nature, man cannot survive. Similarly, man’s compassion and caring attitude can preserve the sanctity of nature. He also feels that Americans do not display their compassion towards nature in the way that is needed.  

Economic Growth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic Growth - Assignment Example The per capita income of Cuba is greater than that of Brazil and that explains the reason behind high openness in Cuba as compared with Brazil. This confirms and justifies the correlation coefficient above. This pattern is experienced across most country used in the study. The coefficient 3785.376 is the constant. In interpreting the regression coefficient; an increase in per capita by one unit will result to increase in openness by 52.10041. This supports the earlier correlation results that showed that openness and per capita income exhibit a positive relation across the countries in 2005. However, the correlation and regression gives general conclusions. The fact is that several open countries have high level of income compared to their closed counterparts. Open economies have fewer difficulties in servicing external liabilities, and inadequate incentive to break a promise on external debt, hence making a turnaround in capital flows less likely. The scatter plot below also indicate a similar scenario The regression line is represented by Y=8.886187 + 0.402627X where Y is the level of domestic savings and X is the level of domestic investment. An increase in investment by investment by one unit will increase the level of domestic savings by 0.402627 units. The correlation and regression results show the general relationship that can be deduced from the analysis of the available data. However, some specific relationship can be also be deduced from the data. Out of 110 countries that had no domestic investment, 63 of them had no domestic savings. For example, Liberia, Libya, St. Lucia, Liechtenstein among others had no domestic levels in 2005, and their resultant domestic savings were also zero. However, some countries like Kuwait had zero domestic investment with 57.04595947 savings rate. This shows that domestic savings are not solely influenced by the level of domestic investments in the economy but other factors such as government

DESIGN SCENARIO Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DESIGN SCENARIO - Case Study Example In this type of metropolitan Area Network, all networking equipment are virtually hosted and connected to the network using Ethernet. Thus using the Ethernet to interconnect such services makes it easier for network operations, administration, and management and provisioning. Comcast is using this advantage of Metro Ethernet to attract more customers in California and its environs. As a result, more subscribers are joining this service. The Comcast metro network service is cost effective. Metro Service has characteristics that favor its cheap service. Metro Ethernet service has broad usage in all networking products. The inexpensiveness of the Ethernet interface makes it cheaper in all networking services. Secondly, the cost of equipment, service and operational is cheap. This makes Ethernet services to be cheaper. Comcast allows its subscribers to add bandwidth more incrementally; as a result each customer purchases the bandwidth according his / her use. Comcast has sub - divided its services into three classes. These classes offer different services at different bandwidth. These are premium, basic and priority. These services are offered in 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 10000 Gbps to Ethernet users and these interfaces and are available in an increment of 1Mbps to 10Gps. The Ethernet service provided by Comcast has the following specifications. It has Ethernet user – to – network interface. This service facilitates provision of bidirectional, full duplex transmission of Ethernet frames using standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet interface (Comcast, 2013). This service supports up to 100

10 different companies selected to watch with relation to their stock Coursework

10 different companies selected to watch with relation to their stock prices - Coursework Example Each of these stocks are a part of the banking sector. Seven of the stocks are companies based in America. Two are based in the UK, and one is based in Canada. The objective of this project is to pick stocks which will rise in value during the length of this project, which spanned from April 16 to May 14. Additionally, an analyses of the banking sector in the UK and the United States is explained, because the environmental and exogenous issues which surrounding the banking sector will impact if the stocks will rise or fall during the time period. What was found was that the banking stocks lost much of their value during the time period, with two exceptions, both of which were smaller banks. Introduction Stock prices are inevitably affected by different events in the world. In this case, we are entering a period of instability in Europe, as well as recovering from a global recession which was largely caused by the meltdown of the large banks in the UK and especially the United States. Because of this recession, the UK has been forced to implement austerity measures which, among other things, cuts financial resources to its largest banks. Because these financial resources were important to these banks, in that it helped the banks recover from the recession and lend money, it stands to reason that the largest banks might be affected. Moreover, in the United States, the banks are going through a transition period with greater regulation. That said, a recent scandal involving JP Morgan Chase, which lost $2 billion in trading losses, show that the Wall Street banks might still be engaging in risky behaviour. Because of these factors, the stocks in our portfolio lost money, so the objective was not met, in that the objective was to pick stocks which would rise in value. This paper will explain how much the $10,000,000 fund was worth, week by week, and how much it was finally worth, along with explanations as to why the stocks performed the way that they did. Also incl uded is a comparison of our stocks with stocks from the Dow Jones average and the automotive sector. The automotive sector’s performance was similar to the banking performance, which denotes that stocks, in general, are having a rough go. Stock Fund Creation Overview of Sector Because the banks which have been selected are banks based both in the UK (HSBC and Barclays) and the United States (every other bank on the list except the Bank of Canada), the main thrust of this analysis will involve the banking sectors in these two countries. United Kingdom As noted above, HSBC and Barclays is based in the UK. The UK’s banking sector is having a difficult time right now because of the austerity measures that the UK has implemented, which has caused Moody’s to downgrade the rating of 12 UK financial institutions (US Banks Downgraded as Confidence Slumps). To understand why this downgrade might

An issue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An issue - Assignment Example But on the other hand, pro-choice activists argue that this is essentially a red herring, as it assumes that life is automatically good, and that if the baby is brought to term everybody will be happy. Ultimately, although it is a very sticky issue morally, allowing individual women the right to practice abortion legally seems more moral than issuing a blanket denial of abortion for any women at all. The decision to make abortion legal in the early 1960s is one that was, and that continues to be, very controversial. However, it is an unquestionable fact that â€Å"legal abortion has unquestionably benefited women and their families† (Joffe, 54), in the main because these women no longer have to seek out dangerously unsanitary, black market options if they do not wish to bring a child to term. From this viewpoint, it is clear that one of the strongest arguments for legalizing abortion does not necessarily assume whether or not abortion itself is moral. It simply states that sin ce women will get abortions anyway, it is more moral to ensure that they can get abortions legally, as these abortions are safer. Joffe also notes that this is one of the biggest moral problems with anti-abortion movements, as they make for a situation where â€Å"the United States may well return to the situation of the pre-Roe era, when women of means managed to get safe abortion care and poor women often did not† (59) due to lack of easy access to abortion clinics. However, many people argue that the woman is not the person who has the strongest moral right in cases of abortion. Instead, they say, it is the unborn child or fetus who deserves to be protected the most. This is because they argue from a mostly Christian or at least religious standpoint, which holds that â€Å"life [is] a precious gift from God and that man [does] not have the right to kill the innocent child in the womb† (Karrer 528). From this standpoint, allowing abortion to be legal is essentially t he same as legalizing murder, as it kills a potential child who may otherwise have lived. This fact is central to understanding the pro-life view of abortion as an immoral evil, and explains why, despite the Roe V Wade case which legalized the practice nation-wide, there continue to be a number of groups who describe themselves as trying â€Å"to promote respect for the worth and dignity of all human life, including the life of the unborn child from the moment of conception† (Karrer 554). Nonetheless, this argument is a bit of a red herring. If all human life is worth upholding equally, then the woman’s life must also be upheld with dignity and worth. This is at the heart of why abortion is such a sticky issue, as the pro-life arguments must necessarily—or at least should—also focus on how to preserve and treat the life of the woman who wants the abortion. Apart from women’s health, keeping abortion legal can also have a big impact on women’ s social liberation. M. Castle notes that such religious arguments about abortion can sometimes turn from rhetoric to reality by making politics â€Å"profoundly anti-female and sustaining gender inequality† (1). In this argument, the morality of keeping abortion legal moves from a simple matter of health and to one of human rights. It is not just that legal abortion means

Managerial interview (What you think to be a good manager) Essay

Managerial interview (What you think to be a good manager) - Essay Example When doing peer review in order to learn to praise and be appreciated, it is significant to be friendly and nice to the subordinate staff and employees. For instance, a manager can arrange for travel time to give some gifts to people that did not participate in the task. For the all team’s benefits, the collagens is working with you not work for you even your Secretary is working with you but not as a secretary. This will in turn encourage team, as people in the organization will be able to work together like a family. Harmony is very important as it makes the management, employees, and subordinate staff to respect each other. As a manager, always give people a second chance buy not third chances as this might cost the company. However, when the third time happens (mistakes) the manager (him) will write the report based on the truth and reasonable reason. The manager will write the following things to an employee who has committed mistakes; he will write nurture report based o n fact and send them to retrain before being absorbed again. The manager should respect different commons from the team members, but you have to make the decisions on time in order to enhance productivity. 4. management process Managers are usually engaged in motivating, planning, organizing, decision making and controlling. These managerial processes are very significant for the success of the company because they transcend individual ability of the manager and influence the entire company. A manager should realize that Organizing is very important because it makes a manager to understand everybody’s positions. Controlling give people second chance not third chance. It is significant that a manager to plan everything in time and ensure that everybody has the work structure (menu)... Managers are usually engaged in motivating, planning, organizing, decision making and controlling. These managerial processes are very significant for the success of the company because they transcend individual ability of the manager and influence the entire company. A manager should realize that Organizing is very important because it makes a manager to understand everybody’s positions. Controlling give people second chance not third chance. It is significant that a manager to plan everything in time and ensure that everybody has the work structure (menu) to avoid confusion. To be a good manager, it is good to go to the office every Sunday noon to prepare the working plan. For instance, at this company, every day the manager gives collagens time to relax and take some coffee. A good manager should have a plan B back up plan. I have to understand the team member’s thoughts and motivate them to attain the same goal. In addition, you have to listen to the opinions of emp loyees and other staff in order to improve personal relationship. The last, not least, when bad thing happens remember, you are the Capitan, take the responsibility, and learn from past mistakes because it encourages the collagen that mistakes do happens. Learn from the lesson in order to keep long-lasting success.

10 different companies selected to watch with relation to their stock Coursework

10 different companies selected to watch with relation to their stock prices - Coursework Example Each of these stocks are a part of the banking sector. Seven of the stocks are companies based in America. Two are based in the UK, and one is based in Canada. The objective of this project is to pick stocks which will rise in value during the length of this project, which spanned from April 16 to May 14. Additionally, an analyses of the banking sector in the UK and the United States is explained, because the environmental and exogenous issues which surrounding the banking sector will impact if the stocks will rise or fall during the time period. What was found was that the banking stocks lost much of their value during the time period, with two exceptions, both of which were smaller banks. Introduction Stock prices are inevitably affected by different events in the world. In this case, we are entering a period of instability in Europe, as well as recovering from a global recession which was largely caused by the meltdown of the large banks in the UK and especially the United States. Because of this recession, the UK has been forced to implement austerity measures which, among other things, cuts financial resources to its largest banks. Because these financial resources were important to these banks, in that it helped the banks recover from the recession and lend money, it stands to reason that the largest banks might be affected. Moreover, in the United States, the banks are going through a transition period with greater regulation. That said, a recent scandal involving JP Morgan Chase, which lost $2 billion in trading losses, show that the Wall Street banks might still be engaging in risky behaviour. Because of these factors, the stocks in our portfolio lost money, so the objective was not met, in that the objective was to pick stocks which would rise in value. This paper will explain how much the $10,000,000 fund was worth, week by week, and how much it was finally worth, along with explanations as to why the stocks performed the way that they did. Also incl uded is a comparison of our stocks with stocks from the Dow Jones average and the automotive sector. The automotive sector’s performance was similar to the banking performance, which denotes that stocks, in general, are having a rough go. Stock Fund Creation Overview of Sector Because the banks which have been selected are banks based both in the UK (HSBC and Barclays) and the United States (every other bank on the list except the Bank of Canada), the main thrust of this analysis will involve the banking sectors in these two countries. United Kingdom As noted above, HSBC and Barclays is based in the UK. The UK’s banking sector is having a difficult time right now because of the austerity measures that the UK has implemented, which has caused Moody’s to downgrade the rating of 12 UK financial institutions (US Banks Downgraded as Confidence Slumps). To understand why this downgrade might

Managerial interview (What you think to be a good manager) Essay

Managerial interview (What you think to be a good manager) - Essay Example When doing peer review in order to learn to praise and be appreciated, it is significant to be friendly and nice to the subordinate staff and employees. For instance, a manager can arrange for travel time to give some gifts to people that did not participate in the task. For the all team’s benefits, the collagens is working with you not work for you even your Secretary is working with you but not as a secretary. This will in turn encourage team, as people in the organization will be able to work together like a family. Harmony is very important as it makes the management, employees, and subordinate staff to respect each other. As a manager, always give people a second chance buy not third chances as this might cost the company. However, when the third time happens (mistakes) the manager (him) will write the report based on the truth and reasonable reason. The manager will write the following things to an employee who has committed mistakes; he will write nurture report based o n fact and send them to retrain before being absorbed again. The manager should respect different commons from the team members, but you have to make the decisions on time in order to enhance productivity. 4. management process Managers are usually engaged in motivating, planning, organizing, decision making and controlling. These managerial processes are very significant for the success of the company because they transcend individual ability of the manager and influence the entire company. A manager should realize that Organizing is very important because it makes a manager to understand everybody’s positions. Controlling give people second chance not third chance. It is significant that a manager to plan everything in time and ensure that everybody has the work structure (menu)... Managers are usually engaged in motivating, planning, organizing, decision making and controlling. These managerial processes are very significant for the success of the company because they transcend individual ability of the manager and influence the entire company. A manager should realize that Organizing is very important because it makes a manager to understand everybody’s positions. Controlling give people second chance not third chance. It is significant that a manager to plan everything in time and ensure that everybody has the work structure (menu) to avoid confusion. To be a good manager, it is good to go to the office every Sunday noon to prepare the working plan. For instance, at this company, every day the manager gives collagens time to relax and take some coffee. A good manager should have a plan B back up plan. I have to understand the team member’s thoughts and motivate them to attain the same goal. In addition, you have to listen to the opinions of emp loyees and other staff in order to improve personal relationship. The last, not least, when bad thing happens remember, you are the Capitan, take the responsibility, and learn from past mistakes because it encourages the collagen that mistakes do happens. Learn from the lesson in order to keep long-lasting success.

College and the Workforce Essay Example for Free

College and the Workforce Essay Most people dream about the opportunity to be able to attend college. They dream about what their college campus is going to look like, who their roommate is going to be, what kind of parties they are going to go to, and what they are going to major in. However, when the time comes to begin the college process, there are many people who give up on their dream about going to college for reasons such as; they think they do not need it or because it is too expensive. Even though college is expensive, it prepares you for your future because many careers require a college education and college offers many different opportunities outside of the classroom. The main thing college prepares you for is your future. It helps you be able to choose a career path you want to pursue. Currently, many careers require some sort of higher education. This is why college is so important. Another reason college is important is because choosing a major is a big decision. Moore and Shulock (2011), along with California State University, believe that students will be more successful if they â€Å"require students to declare a major program of study after a certain amount of time or accumulation of credits, and assign students faculty advisors in their declared major programs† (p.18). Countless students change their majors over and over again before they find the right one for them. A student has the opportunity to discover various types of classes to get a feel for what might be the right career path for them before committing himself or herself to a major. However, if a student changes their major frequently throughout their college career, more time and money is added onto their schooling. They do not want to go out into the workforce and jump around from job to job, because they may be looked down upon. In the work environment, they may be  seen as unstable, unreliable, and unable to commit, even if that may not be the case. Another benefit of going to college is that they learn numerous things, even outside of the classroom. They learn how to make new friends, how to get along with people, learn how to socialize in the proper settings, and also learn how to relax, have fun, and enjoy themselves. These are important skills not only to have in their personal lives, but also to have in the workforce. They will always have to meet new people and learn to get along with all types of people in different environments, even if they may not be people they like or agree with. Students have to learn to set aside their personal differences so that they can show their professionalism. It is also important to know how to socialize properly. There are certain situations where using casual conversation in a professional setting could be appropriate, but there are other times they would want to maintain their professionalism. For example, they would not want to greet a new client by saying, â€Å"Hey! What’s up bro?† They need to learn how to differentiate the social situation from the people who are in that social situation. It is also important to relax, have fun, and enjoy yourself. This can be key in the workforce because they want to enjoy the work they are doing, but they do not want it to completely over power your life. They should be able to find the balance of discipline and fun in doing your job. Committing to College Once a person decides to commit to attending college, they need to come up with a personal plan that fits their style of learning. There are many different skills that help them become a master student. Some of these skills include; time-management, organization, communication, and having a positive attitude. Time-management is one of the most effective strategies a person can have. It is important because in order to be a successful student they need to stay on top of their schoolwork, and not procrastinate. Managing their time can also help them in the real world because they are learning to balance out everything that needs to get done. Organization is additionally another central aspect to being successful. They should keep their workspace neat and clean, whether it is a laptop, desk, or just a  notebook. Having a clean space can help a student be more successful. Communication is also a key factor when becoming a master student. It is important to communicate with their peers and their professors. They need to ask questions, speak up if they have concerns, and always take the initiative. It will show that they care about their grades and their success. Finally, it is important to have a positive attitude. It is very easy for things to go wrong, or not the way they want. What they need to remember is that they should keep a positive attitude. Someone who sees the glass as half full is going to enjoy life a lot more then the person who sees the glass as half empty. Cox (2012) said, â€Å"motivated people are happy people† (p.142). Once they set their mind to accomplish something, such as a college degree, they become a happier person because they have goals they are working toward. Conclusion College can be a fun, yet scary step in a person’s life. Even though it may be expensive, college offers the student a chance to explore who they are and who they want to be. College also offers them opportunities and skills that they are able to apply in the professional world. Once a person decides that college is the right decision for them, there are many skills that they are able to develop to help them become a master student. References Cox, B. (2012). College Students, Motivation, and Success. International Journal of Learning Development. 2(3), 139-143. doi:10.5296/ijld.v2i3.1818. Moore, C., Shulock, N., California State University, S. (2011). Sense of Direction: The Importance of Helping Community College Students Select and Enter a Program of Study. Institute For Higher Education Leadership Policy. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=14sid=81a06a850563430ba39210e85133be18%40sessionmgr112hid=109bdata=JnNpd GU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d##db=ericAN=ED524216.